Measurements of 220Rn and 222Rn and CO2 emissions in soil and fumarole gases on Mt. Etna volcano (Italy): Implications for gas transport and shallow ground fracture

Giammanco, Salvatore; Sims, Kenneth W.W.; Neri, Marco

doi:10.1029/2007gc001644

Cited by 98 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Etna: (1) the Voragine (VOR), or Chasm, earlier called Central Crater (CC), is the oldest, and has been observed at least since 1858 (Behncke, Neri, & Sturiale, 2004;Lyell, 1858); (2) the NE-Crater (NEC) is a cinder cone that built up from 1911 (McGetchin et al, 1974); (3) the Bocca Nuova (BN) started as a pit crater next to VOR in 1968, and collapsed in 1970 to form a large depression, now joined to VOR (Calvari et al, 1995;Chester, Duncan, Guest, & Kilburn, 1985;Giammanco, Sims, & Neri, 2007;Slatcher et al, 2015), and (4) the SE-Crater (SEC), which formed during the 1971 eruption (Behncke et al, 2006;Calvari, Coltelli, Muller, Pompilio, & Scribano, 1994;Guest, 1973), and has been the most active summit crater over recent decades (Behncke et al, 2006;Bonaccorso & Calvari, 2013;Calvari et al, 2011). Finally, the New SE-Crater (NSEC) (the fifth and youngest summit crater) has formed at the eastern base of the SEC, starting from a little pit crater that opened in late 2007 (Acocella et al, 2016;Behncke et al, 2016;Del Negro et al, 2013).…”

Section: Previous Maps Of the Summit Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

Topographic Maps of Mount Etna’s Summit Craters, updated to December 2015

et al. 2017

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New maps of the summit of Mount Etna volcano (1:5000-1:4000), derived from helicopter photogrammetry, thermal images and terrestrial laser scanner survey, are here presented. These maps indicate the main morpho-structural changes occurring during the powerful explosive and effusive eruptions involving the summit craters of Etna over the first two weeks of December 2015. The survey enabled identifying the proximal erupted volume (7.2 ± 0.14 × 10 6 m 3 ) and the size and location of the vent causing the powerful explosive activity inside the Central Crater. Our survey also outlines the growth of a recent (2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015) summit cone on top of a former pit crater, named New SE-Crater. This new cone is by now comparable in size to the former SE-Crater. The shape and size of two small cinder cones that formed on the upper eastern flank of the summit zone in May-July 2014 are also shown. This approach can be used in fast and frequent monitoring of very active volcanoes. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Previous Maps Of the Summit Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

Topographic Maps of Mount Etna’s Summit Craters, updated to December 2015

et al. 2017

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“…Here is where the peaks of thoron occur, being essentially related to near-surface fracturing of surface rocks associated with the occurrence of diffusive processes. According to Giammanco et al (2007) thoron anomalies are mainly related to surface cracking that affect the porous medium at depths of about 6 m at the most.…”

Section: Extremely and Very High Radon Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In volcanic and hydrothermal environments, its migration is ruled by convection and advection and is passively carried by water and carbon dioxide (e.g., Gauthier and Condomines, 1999). However, at the site-scale diffusion may also be effective (Duenas et al, 1997;Giammanco et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Su & Huh (2002) detected an increase of 210 Po deposited by the plume of Mayon prior to its last eruption. Lately, radon measurements have been systematically collected at several active volcanoes (Varley and Armienta, 2001;Williams-Jones et al, 2000;Hernandez et al, 2004;Giammanco et al, 2007). Radon ascent occurs essentially along faults or fractures, and it is controlled by bulk porosities and permeabilities (e.g., Cigolini, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radon mapping, automatic measurements and extremely high 222Rn emissions during the 2002–2007 eruptive scenarios at Stromboli volcano

Cigolini

Laiolo

Ulivieri

et al. 2013

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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“…Pag 3 "In volcanic areas, the combined surveys of soil 222 Rn emissions and CO 2 flux give us the opportunity to track diffuse degassing and related processes (Giammanco et al, 2007 (Carapezza et al, 2009) (Fig. 2b)."…”

Section: It Should Be Specified That This Refers To 222rnmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidences of volcanic unrest on high-temperature fumaroles by satellite thermal monitoring: The case of Santa Ana volcano, El Salvador

Laiolo

Coppola

Barahona

et al. 2017

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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Soil CO2 flux and 222Rn activity measurements may positively contribute to the geochemical monitoring of active volcanoes. The influence of several environmental parameters on the gas signals has been substantially demonstrated. Therefore, the implementation of tools capable of removing (or minimizing) the contribution of the atmospheric effects from the acquired timeseries is a challenge in volcano surveillance. Here, we present four years-long continuous monitoring (from April 2007 to September 2011) of radon activity and soil CO2 flux collected on the NE flank of Stromboli volcano. Both gases record higher emissions during fall-winter (up to 2700 Bq*m-3 for radon and 750 g m-2 day-1 for CO2) than during spring-summer seasons. Short-time variations on 222Rn activity are modulated by changes in soil humidity (rainfall), and changes in soil CO2 flux that may be ascribed to variations in wind speed and direction. The spectral analyses reveal diurnal and semidiurnal cycles on both gases, outlining that atmospheric variations are capable to modify the gas release rate from the soil. The long-term soil CO2 flux shows a slow decreasing trend, not visible in 222Rn activity, suggesting a possible difference in the source depth of the of the gases, CO2 being deeper and likely related to degassing at depth of the magma batch involved in the February-April 2007 effusive eruption. To minimize the effect of the environmental parameters on the 222Rn concentrations and soil CO2 fluxes, two different statistical treatments were applied: the Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and the Principal Component Regression (PCR). These approaches allow to quantify the weight of each environmental factor on the two gas species and show a strong influence of some parameters on the gas transfer processes through soils. The residual values of radon and CO2 flux, i.e. the values obtained after correction for the environmental influence, were then compared with the eruptive episodes that occurred at Stromboli during the analysed time span (2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011) but no clear correlations emerge between soil gas release and volcanic activity. This is probably due to i) the distal location of the monitoring stations with respect to the active craters and to ii) the fact that during the investigated period no major eruptive phenomena (paroxysmal explosion, flank eruption) occurred. Comparison of MLR and PCR methods in time-series analysis indicates that MLR can be more easily applied to real time data processing in monitoring of open conduit active volcanoes (like Stromboli) where the transition to an eruptive phase may occur in relatively short times.

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Measurements of ²²⁰Rn and ²²²Rn and CO₂ emissions in soil and fumarole gases on Mt. Etna volcano (Italy): Implications for gas transport and shallow ground fracture

Abstract: Rn highlights sites of ongoing shallow rock fracturing that could be affected by collapse, as in the case of the rim of an active vent. Depletion both in 220 Rn and in CO 2 seems to be representative of residual degassing along recently active eruptive vents.

Cited by 98 publications

References 40 publications

Topographic Maps of Mount Etna’s Summit Craters, updated to December 2015

Topographic Maps of Mount Etna’s Summit Craters, updated to December 2015

Radon mapping, automatic measurements and extremely high 222Rn emissions during the 2002–2007 eruptive scenarios at Stromboli volcano

Evidences of volcanic unrest on high-temperature fumaroles by satellite thermal monitoring: The case of Santa Ana volcano, El Salvador

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