Measurements of SOx, NOx and aerosol species on Bermuda

Wolff, George T.; Ruthkosky, Martin S.; Stroup, David P.; Korsog, Patricia E.; Ferman, Martin A.; Wendel, G.; Stedman, Donald H.

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(86)90158-7

Cited by 105 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…As in our previous studies (Siak et al, 1985;Wolff et al, 1986a), the polar fractions (Fr 1-4) dominate the mutagenicity and account for more than 70% of the direct-acting mutagenic activity whch is comparable to 64% in the 1981 Detroit samples. In both studies, fraction 2 has the single largest fraction accounting for 34% of the activity in the 1981 Detroit samples and 36% of the activity from the 1985 Warren samples.…”

Section: Mutagenicity Profiles During the Episodessupporting

confidence: 80%

Temporal Patterns of Bacterial Mutagenicity on Ambient Aerosols in Southeastern Michigan

Chan

Siak

Korsog

et al. 1989

Aerosol Science and Technology

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The temporal and diurnal patterns of particulate-bound mutagens in the atmosphere were examined for a twomonth period in the summer of 1985. Daily PM-10 samples were collected at 0900-2100 and 2100-0900 along with other air quality measurements from a suburban site in southeast Michigan. The paired samples were collected daily in order to examine day /night variations. Each particulate sample was extracted and separated into 16 different fractions based on polarity before Ames tests were conducted on each fraction to determine the bacterial mutagenic activities in TA98 and TA98/DNP6. Other air quality parameters measured included fine particle mass (diameter less than 2.5 pm), sulfate, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, nitric acid, ozone, carbonaceous aerosols, some trace elements, and pertinent meteorological data. The results show that the four most polar fractions accounted for at least 70% of the mutagenicity.The highest levels of mutagenic activity occurred during two different types of meteorological conditions. The first type was associated with the long-range transport of coal combustion emissions from south of Michigan's border, whereas the second type was associated with stagnant atmospheric conditions and an accumulation of locally-emitted combustion products. Although nighttime mutagenic activity was slightly higher than daytime activity on some days, rigorous statistical tests indicated that the differences were not significant at the 95% confidence level. However, the mutagenicity profiles of individual paired day /night samples suggest that, under appropriate meteorological conditions, the polar mutagenic species can be formed via nighttime chemical reactions and/or degraded to less mutagenic form via photochemical reactions during the day.

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Section: Mutagenicity Profiles During the Episodessupporting

confidence: 80%

Temporal Patterns of Bacterial Mutagenicity on Ambient Aerosols in Southeastern Michigan

Chan

Siak

Korsog

et al. 1989

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…Liousse et al (1996) and Chung and Seinfeld (2002) are depicted by open squares and closed diamonds, respectively. Measurements taken from: Hidy et al, 1974;Hoffmann and Duce, 1974;1977;Ketseridis et al, 1976;Chesselet et al, 1981;Andreae, 1982;1983;Andreae et al, 1984;Dzubay et al, 1984;Ohta and Okita, 1984;Cachier et al, 1986;1990;1994;Japar et al, 1986;Wolff et al, 1986;Clarke, 1989;Mukai et al, 1990;Novakov and Penner, 1993;Chow et al, 1994;Liousse et al, 1996;Novakov et al, 1997;Castro et al, 1999;Molnár et al, 1999;Kim et al, 2000;Puxbaum et al, 2000. (b) Comparison of OC calculations in case S1.8 with observations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The continuous line shows the 1:1 relationship between model results and measurements. Measurements taken from: Andreae et al, 1984;Dzubay et al, 1984;Ohta and Okita, 1984;Cachier et al, 1986;1990;1994;Japar et al, 1986;Wolff et al, 1986;Hansen et al, 1988;Noone and Clarke, 1988;Clarke, 1989;Mukai et al, 1990;Heintzenberg and Bigg, 1990;Jennings and O'Dowd, 1990;Hopper et al, 1991;Yaaqub et al, 1991;Jennings et al, 1993;Polissar, 1993;Raunemaa et al, 1993;1994;Chow et al, 1994;Heintzenberg and Leck, 1994;Bodhaine, 1995;Berner et al, 1996;Liousse et al, 1996;Lowe et al, 1996;Pio et al, 1996;Bahrmann and Saxena, 1998;Wolff and Cachier, 1998;Bizjak et al, 1999;Castro et al, 1999;Chýlek et al, 1999;Hitzenberger et al, 1999;Zappoli et al, 1999;Kaneyasu and Murayama, 2000;Kim et al, 2000;Novakov et al, 2000;Puxbaum et al, 2000. …”

Section: Comparison With Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global modelling of secondary organic aerosol in the troposphere: a sensitivity analysis

2003

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Abstract.A global 3-dimensional chemistry/transport model able to describe O 3 , NO x , Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), sulphur and NH 3 chemistry has been extended to simulate the temporal and spatial distribution of primary and secondary carbonaceous aerosols in the troposphere focusing on Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) formation. A number of global simulations have been performed to determine a possible range of annual global SOA production and investigate uncertainties associated with the model results. The studied uncertainties in the SOA budget have been evaluated to be in decreasing importance: the potentially irreversible sticking of the semi-volatile compounds on aerosols, the enthalpy of vaporization of these compounds, the partitioning of SOA on non-carbonaceous aerosols, the conversion of aerosols from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, the emissions of primary carbonaceous aerosols, the chemical fate of the first generation products and finally the activity coefficient of the condensable species. The large uncertainties associated with the emissions of VOC and the adopted simplification of chemistry have not been investigated in this study. Although not all sources of uncertainties have been investigated, according to our calculations, the above factors within the experimental range of variations could result to an overall uncertainty of about a factor of 20 in the global SOA budget. The global annual SOA production from biogenic VOC might range from 2.5 to 44.5 Tg of organic matter per year, whereas that from anthropogenic VOC ranges from 0.05 to 2.62 Tg of organic matter per year. These estimates can be considered as a lower limit, since partitioning on coarse particles like nitrate, dust or sea-salt, together with the partitioning and the dissociation of the semi-volatile products in aerosol water has been neglected. Comparison of model results to observations, where available, shows a better agreement for the upper budget estimates than for the lower ones.

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“…Wolff et al (1986) found that the concentrations and composition of fine aerosol and trace gaseous species on Bermuda in August, 1982 andFebruary, 1983 were governed by the type of air mass influencing the island. During incursions of air from the northeastern United States, which were most frequent during the winter, higher concentrations of the anthropogenically-derived species, such as SO;, HNO,, SO,, 0,, Pb, Se, and elemental carbon were observed relative to air originating in the SE sector.…”

Section: No; the Average Deposition Of No; Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

Processes controlling the concentrations of SO=4, NO-3, NH4+, H+, HCOOT and CH3COOT in precipitation on Bermuda

Galloway

Keene

Artz

et al. 1989

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

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The composition of precipitation on Bermuda can be characterized as a slightly acidic, dilute seawater solution. The acidity of the solution is controlled by H,S0 4 , HN0 3 , HCOOH and CH 3 COOH in a 67: 20: 8: 3 mixture, respectively. CaC0 3 and NH 3 have reduced the potential acidity of the solution by 24 % and 13 %, respectively.The concentrations of non-sea-salt (nss) SO; and NO) in precipitation on Bermuda are about a factor of three greater than those in remote marine areas of the world. These differences are attributed in part to anthropogenic activities. NHt, HCOOT and CH 3 COOT concentrations in Bermuda precipitation more closely resemble remote areas, although there are distinct events where transport from North America is evident. Precipitation associated with air masses from the central Atlantic Ocean is enriched relative to remote marine areas by about a factor of two in nss so;. This appears to be caused by anthropogenic emissions in North America, Europe and Africa. There are higher volume-weighted average concentrations of nss SO; and NO) in storms on Bermuda associated with the NW airflow sector (from North America) compared to the SE airflow sector. These higher concentration are in part due to the influence of North America and in part due to lower amount of precipitation in the NW storms. An analysis of deposition differences between the two sectors confirms that there is at least a factor of two impact of North American anthropogenic activities on nss so; and NO) in precipitation on Bermuda.

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Measurements of SOx, NOx and aerosol species on Bermuda

Cited by 105 publications

References 43 publications

Temporal Patterns of Bacterial Mutagenicity on Ambient Aerosols in Southeastern Michigan

Temporal Patterns of Bacterial Mutagenicity on Ambient Aerosols in Southeastern Michigan

Global modelling of secondary organic aerosol in the troposphere: a sensitivity analysis

Processes controlling the concentrations of SO<sup>=</sup><sub>4</sub>, NO<sup>-</sup><sub>3</sub>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, H<sub>+</sub>, HCOO<sub>T</sub> and CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sub>T</sub> in precipitation on Bermuda

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