Measurements of persistent organic pollutants in Estonian ambient air (1990–2013)

Abstract

Central and Eastern Europe is a region that is expected to need more data on the concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the ambient air in the future. Passive air sampling is a cheap screening method for comparison of contamination on various sites or for verification of information obtained by active samplers. Passive air samplers are sensitive enough to mirror even small-scale differences, which makes them capable of monitoring spatial, seasonal, and temporal variations. Different passive air samplers were employed between 1990 and 2013 from time to time in six Estonian air monitoring stations. The concentrations of PCB and its congeners, HCB, PeCB, HCH, and DDT (the same for PBDE, PCN, PCDD/F) in Estonian ambient air were very low, but they allow tracking transboundary air pollution. The main aim of this article is analysis of changes in the ambient air pollution in Estonia during a long period of time . Also, selection of Lahemaa background station for monitoring POPs in the European area is addressed.

Passive air sampling for semi-volatile organic chemicals

“…Studies involving networks of PASs in a region are also very common and have been conducted around the world (Table 15). A region can be an administrative unit, such as a Chinese province 251,[346][347][348] or an Italian region [349][350][351] or it could be a country's coastal area [352][353][354][355] or an entire or partial watershed. [356][357][358][359] These types of studies have almost exclusively relied upon the PUF-PAS, with a few exceptions.…”

Characterizing Spatial Diversity of Passive Sampling Sites for Measuring Levels and Trends of Semivolatile Organic Chemicals

“…Many studies have demonstrated that for relatively short sampling durations (weeks or months) the variability between measured concentrations is rather high even in relatively small regions and between sites classified as background sites. − Long-term monitoring makes it possible to reduce this variability because short-term fluctuations are averaged out.…”

Toxicidade equivalente da atmosfera por dioxinas, furanos e bifenilas policloradas,com uso de duas técnicas de coleta, passiva e ativa

“…Em conjunto essas redes de monitoramento e pesquisas locais ou regionais (LEVY et al, 2007;DE LA TORRE et al, 2016;ROOTS et al,2015;) fornecem informações sobre a distribuição e transporte atmosférico dos POPs, tendências temporal e espacial, e relação destes compostos com fontes de poluição. Outras informações sobre as redes de monitoramento da Figura 1 estão disponíveis no Apêndice A.…”

“…O termo k A está altamente correlacionado a velocidade do vento, alcançando valores elevados em situação de vento forte (POZO et al, 2004). O volume acumulado no amostrador passivo (V PUF ) é dado por (SHOEIB e HARNER, 2002): Para compostos mais voláteis que alcançam fase curvilinear e de equilíbrio no PUF, como PAHs com 3 anéis aromáticos, o volume efetivo de ar coletado é dado por (HARNER et al, 2013): , 2002;TUDURI et al, 2006;HAZRATI e HARRAD, 2007;KLANOVÁ et al, 2008;CHAEMFA et al, 2009 (LEVY et al, 2007;ROOTS et al, 2015;, estas ferramentas são consideradas semiquantitativas em função das concentrações de COSV serem derivadas a partir de estimativas da taxa de coleta (BOHLIN et al, 2014a e estarem sujeitas às influências de variáveis meterológicas e ambientais (TUDURI et al, 2006;KLANOVÁ et al, 2008;MELYMUK et al, 2011). As principais incertezas relacionadas a coleta de COSV com coletores passivos de discos de PUF são apresentadas a seguir:…”