Measurements of Occupational Exposure for a Technologist Performing 18f FDG Pet Scans

Biran, T.; Weininger, J.; Malchi, S.; Marciano, Rami; Chisin, Roland

doi:10.1097/01.hp.0000137180.85643.9d

Cited by 31 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…For an injection syringe with 10 -15 mCi (3.70 -5.59 ϫ 10 7 Bq) of 18 F-FDG, for example, the resulting finger doses can be as high as ϳ3 mrem (30 Sv) or higher per patient procedure (Guillet et al 2005;Tandon et al 2007). Further, the effective dose (ED) to a PET nuclear medicine technologist averages 0.75-1.5 mrem (7.5-15 Sv) per procedure and can be as high as ϳ5 mrem (50 Sv) per d and 700 -1,000 mrem (7-10 mSv) per y (Biran et al 2004;Robinson et al 2005). With experience, however, this can be reduced to less than 1 mrem (10 Sv) per d and 200 mrem (2 mSv) per y (Robinson et al 2005), at least in lower-procedure volume facilities.…”

Section: Spect-ct and Pet-ct Radiation Safety: Workflowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operational Radiation Safety for Pet-Ct, Spect-Ct, and Cyclotron Facilities

2008

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Positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are well- established and indispensable imaging modalities in modern medicine. State-of-the-art computed tomography (CT) scanners have now been integrated into multi-modality PET-CT and SPECT-CT devices, and these devices, particularly PET-CT scanners, are dramatically impacting clinical practice. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), by far the most widely used radiopharmaceutical for clinical PET imaging in general and oncologic PET imaging in particular, is highly accurate in detecting (approximately 90%) and staging many types of tumors, monitoring therapy response, and differentiating benign from malignant lesions. Several factors, including the relatively high administered activities [e.g., 370-740 MBq (10-20 mCi) of FDG], the high patient throughput (up to 30 patients per d), and in particular, the uniquely high energies (for a diagnostic setting) of the 511-keV positron-negatron annihilation photons, make shielding requirements, workflow, and other radiation protection issues important considerations in the design of a PET or PET-CT facility. The Report of Task Group 108 of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) provides a comprehensive summary of shielding design and related considerations, along with illustrative calculations. Whether in the form of a PET-CT or a SPECT-CT device, the introduction of CT scanners into a nuclear medicine setting has created new and complex radiation protection issues concerning the radiation burden and attendant risks accrued by patients undergoing such multi-modality procedures (especially in those instances in which higher-dose, diagnostic-quality CT studies are done as part of the PET-CT or SPECT-CT exam). In addition, because PET is dependent on the availability of short-lived 18F (Tp = 110 min) primarily in the form of FDG, and other short-lived positron emitters such as 11C (20 min), 13N (10 min), and 15O (2 min), cyclotrons for production of medically applied radionuclides and associated radiochemistry facilities are now widespread (well over 100 worldwide) and present their own radiation safety issues. In addition to the radioactive product, sources of exposure include neutrons and radioactive activation products in the various cyclotron components and surrounding shielding. Nonetheless, published studies have shown that the radiation doses to personnel working in cyclotron and associated radiochemistry facilities, as well as in PET or PET-CT and SPECT or SPECT-CT facilities, can be maintained below, and generally well below, the pertinent regulatory limits. This presentation will review the basic radiation safety aspects, including shielding and workflow, of these increasingly important and increasingly numerous facilities. The radiation burden accrued by the patients undergoing PET-CT or SPECT-CT exams will be considered as well.

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Section: Spect-ct and Pet-ct Radiation Safety: Workflowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operational Radiation Safety for Pet-Ct, Spect-Ct, and Cyclotron Facilities

2008

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“…Multiple studies have been conducted concerning radiation dose to human hospital personnel from PET radiopharmaceuticals (McCormick and Miklos 1993;Chiesa et al 1997;McElroy 1998;Benetar et al 2000;Linemann et al 2000;Biran et al 2004;Guillet et al 2005;Roberts et al 2005;Robinson et al 2005;Zeff and Yester 2005;Dalianis et al 2006;Seierstad et al 2007;Carson et al 2009;Demir et al 2010;Leide-Svegborn 2010), but to date only one parallel study has been conducted for veterinary personnel (Martinez 2011;Martinez et al 2012). Unlike human patients who typically undergo the PET/CT procedure awake (Boellaard et al 2010), veterinary patients need to be anesthetized to ensure the animal remains immobile for optimal image acquisition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

A Proposed Simple Model for Estimating Occupational Radiation Dose to Staff from Veterinary 18F-FDG Pet Procedures

Martínez¹,

Kraft²,

Johnson³

2014

Health Physics

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Several studies have been conducted concerning the radiation dose to hospital personnel from positron emission tomography (PET) radiopharmaceuticals, but to date only one parallel study has been conducted for veterinary staff. Veterinary patients present challenges not encountered with human patients, as they require anesthesia and therefore more intensive monitoring than human patients. This paper presents a simple model for estimating the effective radiation dose to veterinary staff using occupational dose data from PET studies at Colorado State University's (CSU) James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital. The model consists of three point sources within a soft tissue cylinder, and sample calculations are provided for estimating dose to nuclear medicine technologists and an anesthesia technologist based on four different sized dogs. The estimated doses are within the range of actual occupational doses published previously. There are different protocols for the sequence of events in veterinary PET, specifically the order of anesthesia induction and radiopharmaceutical injection. When F-FDG injection is performed prior to anesthesia induction, the estimated dose is between 1.5 and 3.6 times higher than the doses received if injection is done after anesthesia induction, although expected doses for both protocols are below occupational dose limits based on a case load of 100 veterinary patients per year. The model is based on the techniques used at CSU, but it can be modified for different hospitals as well as differently sized animals.

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“…It has been concluded in different articles (Nye et al 2009;Coker 2003;Benatar et al 2000;Biran et al 2004;Chiesa et al 1997;Demir et al 2010;Guillet et al 2005;Hippelainen et al 2008;Kumar et al 2012;Roberts et al 2005;Robinson et al 2005;Seierstad et al 2006;Zeff and Yester 2005) that the established methods of dose calculation are still the most reliable and efficient route to proper PET/CT shielding. It has been concluded in different articles (Nye et al 2009;Coker 2003;Benatar et al 2000;Biran et al 2004;Chiesa et al 1997;Demir et al 2010;Guillet et al 2005;Hippelainen et al 2008;Kumar et al 2012;Roberts et al 2005;Robinson et al 2005;Seierstad et al 2006;Zeff and Yester 2005) that the established methods of dose calculation are still the most reliable and efficient route to proper PET/CT shielding.…”

Section: Dose Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Radiation Doses Received by Personnel in PET Uptake Rooms

Pérez

Verde²,

Montes³

et al. 2014

Health Physics

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Reduction of dose to exposed personnel during positron emission tomography (PET) installation usually relies on physical shielding. While the major contribution of shielding is unquestioned, it is usually the only method applied. Other methods of reduction, such as working procedure optimization, the position of the furniture, and rooms are usually disregarded in these installations. This paper presents a design and work optimization procedure used in a particular institution. The influence on the dose received by personnel due to the positioning of injection chairs, injection room configuration, and working procedures is studied. Using this optimization strategy, it is possible to reduce the technician dose due to patients by a factor of 0.59. Injection room design is much more important for optimizing the received dose than is work-flow management. The influence of the order of patient entrance on received dose was the aspect that produced the smallest variation in received doses. It is recommended that the optimization be carried out for the installation proposed in the design phase, when no additional cost is required, because the position of the doors of the injection rooms depends on the where the injection chairs are situated.

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Measurements of Occupational Exposure for a Technologist Performing 18f FDG Pet Scans

Cited by 31 publications

References 5 publications

Operational Radiation Safety for Pet-Ct, Spect-Ct, and Cyclotron Facilities

Operational Radiation Safety for Pet-Ct, Spect-Ct, and Cyclotron Facilities

A Proposed Simple Model for Estimating Occupational Radiation Dose to Staff from Veterinary 18F-FDG Pet Procedures

Optimization of Radiation Doses Received by Personnel in PET Uptake Rooms

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