Measurements of lead in human tibiae. A comparison between K-shell x-ray fluorescence and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Todd, Andrew C.; Parsons, Patrick J.; Carroll, Spencer; Geraghty, Ciaran; Khan, Fahad; Tang, Shida; Moshier, Erin

doi:10.1088/0031-9155/47/4/309

Cited by 37 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The limit of detection was 1 lg/dl, and the intra-and interday coefficients of variation (for 5.9 lg/dl) were 11 percent and 7 percent, respectively. Tibia lead was measured in micrograms of lead per gram of bone mineral (lg/g) after a 30-minute assessment at the mid-tibia shaft with 109 Cd-based K-shell induced x-ray fluorescence by using previously published methods (24,25). The statistical analysis retained all point estimates to minimize bias (26).…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Blood Lead and Tibia Lead with Blood Pressure and Hypertension in a Community Sample of Older Adults

Martín

Glass

Bandeen‐Roche

et al. 2006

American Journal of Epidemiology

107

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Few studies have compared associations of blood lead and tibia lead with blood pressure and hypertension, and associations have differed in samples with occupational exposure compared with those with mainly environmental lead exposure. African Americans have been underrepresented in prior studies. The authors performed a crosssectional analysis of 2001-2002 data from a community-based cohort in Baltimore, Maryland, of 964 men and women aged 50-70 years (40% African American, 55% White, 5% other race/ethnicity) to evaluate associations of blood lead and tibia lead with systolic and diastolic blood pressure and hypertension while adjusting for a large set of potential confounding variables. Blood lead was a strong and consistent predictor of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in models adjusted and not adjusted for race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Tibia lead was associated with hypertension status before adjustment for race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (p ¼ 0.01); after such adjustment, the association was borderline significant (p ¼ 0.09). Propensity score analysis suggested that standard regression analysis may have exaggerated the attenuation. These findings are discussed in the context of complex causal pathways. The data suggest that lead has an acute effect on blood pressure via recent dose and a chronic effect on hypertension risk via cumulative dose. blood pressure; body burden; fluorescence; hypertension; lead; social class; spectrometry, X-ray emission; tibiaComparison of associations between blood lead and tibia bone lead with health outcomes allows inferences to be made about the acute and chronic effects of recent and cumulative lead dose (1-3). Studies have compared associations of blood lead and bone lead with blood pressure and/ or hypertension in two populations with current or former occupational lead exposure (2, 4, 5) and three populations whose lead exposure was mainly from nonoccupational sources (6-9) (table 1). In the latter studies, only bone lead was associated with blood pressure or hypertension status, despite a large number of studies that have reported strong and consistent relations of blood lead and blood pressure when blood lead was the only lead biomarker measured (10-16). In the occupational studies, blood lead has more often been associated with systolic blood pressure in crosssectional analysis (2), while tibia lead has been associated with longitudinal increases in blood pressure (5) or hypertension status at cross-section (4). Associations are not entirely consistent across studies.These studies have several limitations. First, study populations have generally been homogeneous with regard to race/ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic status (table 1).

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Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Blood Lead and Tibia Lead with Blood Pressure and Hypertension in a Community Sample of Older Adults

Martín

Glass

Bandeen‐Roche

et al. 2006

American Journal of Epidemiology

107

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“…These participants were selected on the basis of their proximity to the medical center. Tibia lead was assessed via a 30-min measurement at the left mid-tibial shaft using 109 Cd-induced K-shell X-ray fluorescence (Todd et al 2001a(Todd et al , 2001b(Todd et al , 2002, which yields a concentration in units of micrograms of lead per gram of bone mineral. Bone lead concentrations were not assessed on the same day as BPb concentrations, but were performed within 2 months of one another.…”

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confidence: 99%

Association between essential tremor and blood lead concentration.

Louis

Jurewicz

Applegate

et al. 2003

Environ Health Perspect

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Lead is a ubiquitous toxicant that causes tremor and cerebellar damage. Essential tremor (ET) is a highly prevalent neurologic disease associated with cerebellar involvement. Although environmental toxicants may play a role in ET etiology and their identification is a critical step in disease prevention, these toxicants have received little attention. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that ET is associated with lead exposure. Therefore, blood lead (BPb) concentrations were measured and a lifetime occupational history was assessed in ET patients and in controls. We frequency matched 100 ET patients and 143 controls on age, sex, and ethnicity. BPb concentrations were analyzed using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A lifetime occupational history was reviewed by an industrial hygienist. BPb concentrations were higher in ET patients than in controls (mean +/- SD, 3.3 +/- 2.4 and 2.6 +/- 1.6 microg/dL, respectively; median, 2.7 and 2.3 microg/dL; p = 0.038). In a logistic regression model, BPb concentration was associated with diagnosis [control vs. ET patient, odds ratio (OR) per unit increase = 1.21; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05-1.39; p = 0.007]. BPb concentration was associated with diagnosis (OR per unit increase = 1.19; 95% CI, 1.03-1.37; p = 0.02) after adjusting for potential confounders. Prevalence of lifetime occupational lead exposure was similar in ET patients and controls. We report an association between BPb concentration and ET. Determining whether this association is due to increased exposure to lead or a difference in lead kinetics in ET patients requires further investigation.

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“…Lead in vivo is generally measured in tibia or in the heel, where the bone is more superficial and attenuation of incident and output radiation is reduced. Mean tibia Pb content ranges between about 15 and about 60 mg/g [78,79]. Children living in the proximity of lead plants have dramatically increased bone lead concentrations.…”

Section: Medical Sciencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

Cesareo

2010

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

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Measurements of lead in human tibiae. A comparison between K-shell x-ray fluorescence and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Cited by 37 publications

References 25 publications

Association of Blood Lead and Tibia Lead with Blood Pressure and Hypertension in a Community Sample of Older Adults

Association of Blood Lead and Tibia Lead with Blood Pressure and Hypertension in a Community Sample of Older Adults

Association between essential tremor and blood lead concentration.

X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

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