“…On the observational front, various techniques including radar [e.g., Tsuda et al, 1989;Fritts et al, 1990], rocketsonde [Hamilton, 1991;Eckermann et al, 1994], radiosonde [Allen and Vincent, 1995;Vincent et al, 1997;Wang and Geller, 2003], aircraft [Nastrom et al, 1987;Jasperson et al, 1990;Nastrom and Fritts, 1992], and lidar [Mitchell et al, 1996;Whiteway et al, 1997;Sivakumar et al, 2006] were widely used to determine the morphology of gravity waves. Wang and Geller [2003] used a large database of radiosondederived wind and temperature with high vertical resolution from more than 90 stations in American territories including those in the tropical Pacific to develop climatology of gravity wave energy in the troposphere and lower stratosphere.…”