Measurement procedure to assess exposure to extremely low-frequency fields: a primary school case study

Alonso, Antonio López; Bahillo, Alfonso; Rosa, R. de la; Carrera, Albano; Durán, Ramón J.; Fernández, Patricia

doi:10.1093/rpd/ncs026

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Various approaches have been used to assess exposure to electromagnetic fields, including spot or long-term measurements, personal exposimetry/dosimeters, and the characterization of exposure based on activities and sources [6], [11]–[17]. These differences hamper the comparison of results among studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ELF-LF fields are associated with all aspects of the production, transmission, consumption, and transformation of electricity [11]. The assessment of exposure to [(ELF-LF)-EF] is generally more difficult and less well developed in comparison to the assessment of exposure to [(ELF-LF)-MF], because electric fields are easily perturbed by any conducting object, including the human body.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The assessment of exposure to [(ELF-LF)-EF] is generally more difficult and less well developed in comparison to the assessment of exposure to [(ELF-LF)-MF], because electric fields are easily perturbed by any conducting object, including the human body. Moreover, because there is no clear relationship between electric and magnetic fields in the near-field, both need to be assessed separately to determine electromagnetic exposure at a given point [11].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increasing concerns about the possibility of adverse effects of exposure have led to investigations designed to improve methods for measuring exposure to electromagnetic fields from non-ionizing radiation (EMF-NIR) in the ranges of extremely low and low frequency electric [(ELF-LF)-EF] and magnetic [(ELF-LF)-MF] fields, and several studies have characterized this exposure in recent years [6], [7], [11]–[16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been documented that children may be especially susceptible to exposure to EMF-NIR [11], [17]; hence, there is a need to establish current levels of exposure in this age group [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Indoor Extremely Low Frequency and Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in the INMA-Granada Cohort

et al. 2014

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ObjectiveTo characterize the exposure to electric fields and magnetic fields of non-ionizing radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum (15 Hz to 100 kHz) in the dwellings of children from the Spanish Environment and Childhood-“INMA” population-based birth cohort.MethodologyThe study sample was drawn from the INMA-Granada cohort. Out of 300 boys participating in the 9–10 year follow-up, 123 families agreed to the exposure assessment at home and completed a specific ad hoc questionnaire gathering information on sources of non-ionizing radiation electric and magnetic fields inside the homes and on patterns of use. Long-term indoor measurements were carried out in the living room and bedroom.ResultsSurvey data showed a low exposure in the children's homes according to reference levels of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection but with large differences among homes in mean and maximum values. Daytime electrostatic and magnetic fields were below the quantification limit in 78.6% (92 dwellings) and 92.3% (108 dwellings) of houses, with an arithmetic mean value (± standard deviation) of 7.31±9.32 V/m and 162.30±91.16 nT, respectively. Mean magnetic field values were 1.6 lower during the night than the day. Nocturnal electrostatic values were not measured. Exposure levels were influenced by the area of residence (higher values in urban/semi-urban versus rural areas), type of dwelling, age of dwelling, floor of the dwelling, and season.ConclusionGiven the greater sensitivity to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields of children and following the precautionary principle, preventive measures are warranted to reduce their exposure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Indoor Extremely Low Frequency and Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in the INMA-Granada Cohort

et al. 2014

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Exposure to extremely low and intermediate-frequency magnetic and electric fields among children from the INMA-Gipuzkoa cohort

Gallastegi

Jiménez-Zabala

Santa‐Marina

et al. 2017

Environmental Research

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Adaptive framework for uncertainty analysis in electromagnetic field measurements

Prieto

Alonso

Rosa

et al. 2014

Radiation Protection Dosimetry

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Misinterpretation of uncertainty in the measurement of the electromagnetic field (EMF) strength may lead to an underestimation of exposure risk or an overestimation of required measurements. The Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) has internationally been adopted as a de facto standard for uncertainty assessment. However, analyses under such an approach commonly assume unrealistic static models or neglect relevant prior information, resulting in non-robust uncertainties. This study proposes a principled and systematic framework for uncertainty analysis that fuses information from current measurements and prior knowledge. Such a framework dynamically adapts to data by exploiting a likelihood function based on kernel mixtures and incorporates flexible choices of prior information by applying importance sampling. The validity of the proposed techniques is assessed from measurements performed with a broadband radiation meter and an isotropic field probe. The developed framework significantly outperforms GUM approach, achieving a reduction of 28% in measurement uncertainty.

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Measurement procedure to assess exposure to extremely low-frequency fields: a primary school case study

Cited by 5 publications

References 16 publications

Characterization of Indoor Extremely Low Frequency and Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in the INMA-Granada Cohort

Characterization of Indoor Extremely Low Frequency and Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields in the INMA-Granada Cohort

Exposure to extremely low and intermediate-frequency magnetic and electric fields among children from the INMA-Gipuzkoa cohort

Adaptive framework for uncertainty analysis in electromagnetic field measurements

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