Measurement of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Whole Blood Samples from Impaired Motorists

Zimmermann, E.; Yeager, Elizabeth P.; Soares, James; Hollister, Leo E.; Reeve, V C

doi:10.1520/jfs11604j

Cited by 18 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…One survey found at least 5 ng/ml of THC in the blood specimens of 14.4% of a random sample of 1792 drivers detained for erratic driving. Many were also associated with blood levels of alcohol as well The incidence of drugs in dead motor vehicle (49). operators was estimated in four separate studies involving 2610 fatalities.…”

Section: Effect On Driving An Automobilementioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis ‐ 1988

Hollister

1988

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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In this updating review of research on cannabis particular attention has been paid to the increasing number of studies of the disposition of the components of cannabis in man, as well as possible effects on health. Specific binding sites for cannaboids have not been demonstrated. Approximately 80 metabolites of tetrahydrocannabiol (THC) have been discovered, of which 11-OH-THC is the main metabolite, but it contributes little to the overall effect when the drug is smoked or given intravenously. The minimum plasma level of T H C associated with the psychotropic effect is 25 ng/ml.Cannabis may produce directly an acute panic reaction, a toxic delirium, and acute paranoid state, or acute mania. Cannabis use may aggrevate schizophrenia, but it is much less certain whether it can lead to sociopathy or even to "amotivational syndrome". Despite widespread use of cannabis in virtually all parts of the world, no catastrophic effects on health have been noted. Cannabis appears to be relatively safe as compared with current social drugs. It is, however, still too early in the history of the present episode of cannabis use to be sanguine about possible bad effects.

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Section: Effect On Driving An Automobilementioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis ‐ 1988

Hollister

1988

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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“…Up to 14% of drivers conspicuous in the traffic are under the influence of cannabinoids, often in combination with alcohol [32][33][34].…”

Section: Risk Factors and Harm Reduction: Aspects Of Safer Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Harm Reduction: Aspects of Prevention and Handling of Drug Addict Emergencies

Schulz‐Schaeffer¹,

Püschel²

1995

Eur Addict Res

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This paper reviews potentially harmful aspects of illicit drug addiction, points out ways in which these may be prevented or ameliorated and suggests consequences for the medical care system. In most cases, emergency situations are accidental and unexpected by the patients and result from injecting heroin too quickly, from underestimation of additional consumption or from changes of the intraindividual tolerance after absolute or relative drug abstinence. The authors suggest to use the emergency situation for interventional care, achieving a change in the behavior of patients either for harm reduction or for therapy aspects.

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“…In addition, only about one-third of the DUID arrestees (for all reasons, not just accidents) during this period were said to have provided a blood specimen (Zimmerman et al, 1983).…”

Section: IImentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility Assessment of Chemical Testing for Drug Impairment: Final Summary Report, September 1985

Willette¹

1985

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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was diazepam, diphenhydramine, and methequalone in blood, saliva and urine to assess the feasibility of establishing chemical tests for police use in detecting drug-impaired drivers. The study employed pharmacokinetic methods to relate urine and saliva concentrations to blood levels, which were related to measures of behavioral impairment in laboratory tasks. Some preliminary concentrations are suggested to serve as a guide for collecting or testing blood. Data from numerous studies support the proposal that testing for THC metabolites in urine at or above a 100 ng/ml concentration will provide better than a 502 probability of detecting levels of THC in the blood that may be associated with impairment. Saliva offers more promise as a body specimen for a presumptive screen of the other four drugs. Analysis of data on secobarbital suggested saliva concentrations in excess of 500 ng/ml may serve as a possible threshold for predicting impairing levels of the drug in blood. Similarly, a combined concentration of 5 ng/ml of diazepam and its primary metabolite in saliva appeared as a reasonable level. The antihistamine diphenhydr nine gives high saliva concentrations following its use, thus a level of 180 ng/ml in saliva is suggested as a threshold for conducting blood analysis. Evaluation of data on methaqualone suggests a threshold level of 150 ng/ml in saliva. This study suggests that it may be possible to narrow down the number of drug possibilities and blood specimens requiring testing by the police to a level that is. economically feasible. Rowever, only a marijuana/trine screening procedure is currently available for police use at the stationhouse. An evaluation made of existing data on concentrations of marijuana, secobarbital,

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Measurement of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Whole Blood Samples from Impaired Motorists

Cited by 18 publications

References 6 publications

Cannabis ‐ 1988

Cannabis ‐ 1988

Harm Reduction: Aspects of Prevention and Handling of Drug Addict Emergencies

Feasibility Assessment of Chemical Testing for Drug Impairment: Final Summary Report, September 1985

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