Measurement of ventilation volume in swimming tunas

Jones, David R.; Butler, P. J.; Bushnell, Peter G.; Heieis, M. R. A.

doi:10.1242/jeb.149.1.491

Cited by 12 publications

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“…Based on several previous studies (Altimiras and Larsen 2000;Millidine et al 2008), it is likely Vẇ that goes up in accord with increased MȮ 2 and increased fr after both of these treatments. However, we are aware of no direct measurements of Vw, Vsv, or %U after feeding, and only indirect measures of these parameters after exercise (Stevens and Randall 1967a,b;Kiceniuk and Jones 1977;Jones et al 1990;Wood and Munger 1994).Our overall hypotheses were (i) that breathing would be more e cient (i.e. lower Vẇ, higher %U) under both resting and active conditions than generally indicated by previous studies using more stressful or indirect techniques.…”

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The first direct measurements of ventilatory flow and oxygen utilization after exhaustive exercise and natural feeding in a teleost fish, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Eom

Wood

2023

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A new “less invasive” device incorporating an ultrasonic flow probe and a divided chamber, but no stitching of membranes to the fish, was employed to make the first direct measurements of ventilatory flow rate (V̇w) and % O2 utilization (%U) in juvenile rainbow trout (37 g, 8ºC) after exhaustive exercise (10-min chasing) and natural voluntary feeding (2.72% body mass ration). Under resting conditions, the allometrically scaled V̇w (300 ml kg−1 min−1 for a 37-g trout = 147 ml kg−1 min−1 for a 236-g trout exhibiting the same mass-specific O2 consumption rate, ṀO2) and the convection requirement for O2 (CR = 4.13 L mmol−1) were considerably lower, and the %U (67%) was considerably higher than in previous studies using surgically attached masks or the Fick principle. After exhaustive exercise, V̇w and ṀO2 approximately doubled whereas frequency (fr) and %U barely changed, so increased ventilatory stroke volume (Vsv) was the most important contributor to increased ṀO2. CR declined slightly. Values gradually returned to control conditions after 2–3 h. After voluntary feeding, short-term increases in V̇w, Vsv and ṀO2 were comparable to those after exercise, and fr again did not change. However, %U increased so CR declined even more. The initial peaks in V̇w, Vsv and ṀO2, similar to those after exercise, were likely influenced by the excitement and exercise component of natural feeding. However, in contrast to post-exercise fish, post-prandial fish exhibited second peaks in these same parameters at 1–3 h after feeding, and %U increased further, surpassing 85%, reflecting the true “specific dynamic action” response. We conclude that respiration in trout is much more efficient than previously believed.

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confidence: 86%

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confidence: 99%

The first direct measurements of ventilatory flow and oxygen utilization after exhaustive exercise and natural feeding in a teleost fish, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Eom

Wood

2023

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Cardiovascular and respiratory physiology of tuna: adaptations for support of exceptionally high metabolic rates

Bushnell

Jones

1994

Environ Biol Fish

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Both physical and physiological modifications to the oxygen transport system promote high metabolic performance of tuna . The large surface area of the gills and thin blood-water barrier means that 02 utilization is high (30-50%) even when ram ventilation approaches 101 min-'kg-' . The heart is extremely large and generates peak blood pressures in the range of 70-100 mmHg at frequencies of 1-5 Hz . The blood 02 capacity approaches 16 ml dl-'and a large Bohr coefficient (-0 .83 to -1 .17) ensures adequate loading and unloading of 02 from the well buffered blood (20.9 slykes) . Tuna muscles have aerobic oxidation rates that are 3-5 times higher than in other teleosts and extremely high glycolytic capacity (150 µmot g' lactate generated) due to enhanced concentration of glycolytic enzymes . Gill resistance in tuna is high and may be more than 50% of total peripheral resistance so that dorsal aortic pressure is similar to that in other active fishes such as salmon or trout . An 0, delivery/demand model predicts the maximum sustained swimming speed of small yellowfin and skipjack tuna is 5 .6 BL s' and 3 .5 BL sec', respectively. The surplus 0, delivery capacity at lower swimming speeds allows tuna to repay large oxygen debts while swimming at 2-2 .5 BL s -' . Maximum oxygen consumption (7-9 x above the standard metabolic rate) at maximum exercise is provided by approximately 2 x increases in each of heart rate, stroke volume, and arterial-venous 02 content difference .

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Oxygen transport and cardiovascular responses in skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) exposed to acute hypoxia

1992

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Responses to acute hypoxia were measured in skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) (approximately 1-3 kg body weight). Fish were prevented from making swimming movements by a spinal injection of lidocaine and were placed in front of a seawater delivery pipe to provide ram ventilation of the gills. Fish could set their own ventilation volumes by adjusting mouth gape. Heart rate, dorsal and ventral aortic blood pressures, and cardiac output were continuously monitored during normoxia (inhalant water (PO2 greater than 150 mmHg) and three levels of hypoxia (inhalant water PO2 approximately 130, 90, and 50 mmHg). Water and blood samples were taken for oxygen measurements in fluids afferent and efferent to the gills. From these data, various measures of the effectiveness of oxygen transfer, and branchial and systemic vascular resistance were calculated. Despite high ventilation volumes (4-7 l.min-1.kg-1), tunas extract approximately 50% of the oxygen from the inhalant water, in part because high cardiac outputs (115-132 ml.min-1.kg-1) result in ventilation/perfusion conductance ratios (0.75-1.1) close to the theoretically ideal value of 1.0. Therefore, tunas have oxygen transfer factors (ml O2.min-1.mmHg-1.kg-1) that are 10-50 times greater than those of other fishes. The efficiency of oxygen transfer from water in tunas (approximately 65%) matches that measured in teleosts with ventilation volumes an order of magnitude lower. The high oxygen transfer factors of tunas are made possible, in part, by a large gill surface area; however, this appears to carry a considerable osmoregulatory cost as the metabolic rate of gills may account for up 70% of the total metabolism in spinally blocked (i.e., non-swimming) fish. During hypoxia, skipjack and yellowfin tunas show a decrease in heart rate and increase in ventilation volume, as do other teleosts. However, in tunas hypoxic bradycardia is not accompanied by equivalent increases in stroke volume, and cardiac output falls as HR decreases. In both tuna species, oxygen consumption eventually must be maintained by drawing on substantial venous oxygen reserves. This occurs at a higher inhalant water PO2 (between 130 and 90 mmHg) in skipjack tuna than in yellowfin tuna (between 90 and 50 mmHg). The need to draw on venous oxygen reserves would make it difficult to meet the oxygen demand of increasing swimming speed, which is a common response to hypoxia in both species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Measurement of ventilation volume in swimming tunas

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

The first direct measurements of ventilatory flow and oxygen utilization after exhaustive exercise and natural feeding in a teleost fish, Oncorhynchus mykiss

The first direct measurements of ventilatory flow and oxygen utilization after exhaustive exercise and natural feeding in a teleost fish, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Cardiovascular and respiratory physiology of tuna: adaptations for support of exceptionally high metabolic rates

Oxygen transport and cardiovascular responses in skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) exposed to acute hypoxia

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