Measurement of uterine blood flow and uterine metabolism

Flow index evaluation of 3-d volume flow images: An in vivo and in vitro study

“…This process is proposed to last until 24 weeks of gestation (Brosens et al 1967), which is in agreement with measurements of UtA pulsatility index, which hardly changes after that time in pregnancy (Hofstaetter et al 1996). These physiologic changes of subplacental vessels are the basis for the development and increase of UtA blood flow during normal pregnancy, from 50 mL/min in early pregnancy to 700 mL/min at term (Assali et al 1960;Bower et al 1992;Konje et al 2001). Although UtA vascular impedance is nearly unchanged after 24 weeks of gestation, volume blood flow and vessel diameter have been shown to increase with gestation (Bower et al 1992;Konje et al 2001).…”

Determining uterine blood flow in pregnancy with magnetic resonance imaging

“…First, Doppler-derived estimates are usually computed by ascertaining the uterine artery on one side and, in most cases, multiplying a single measurement by two to derive total uterine blood flow [1,2,6,7]. It is possible that these measurements are inaccurate because of the dynamic nature of uterine artery blood flow over a span of just minutes.…”

“…Classical experiments conducted in the mid-1900s by Assali and Metcalfe [1][2][3] estimated uterine blood flow to be 500 to 700 cc per minute. These determinations were based upon the Fick principle and employed catheterization of the maternal brachial artery and uterine vein.…”

Biokinetic Model for 137Cs in the Fetus

“…Estimates of blood flow in the umbilical veins and arteries were made from research involving the human, baboon, and lamb fetus (Assali 1960;Blackburn 1992;Blechner 1974;Capeless 1989;Eden 1990;EikNes 1980;Gill 1980;Maryse 1987;Mashini 1987;Paton 1973;Pritchard 1985;Rudolph 1971;Ueland 1972;Wootton 1976). The transfer rates to and from the placenta in the models were determined directly from reported experimental data (Blackburn 1992;ICRP 1975;Iinuma et al 1969;Iyengar 1978;Paton 1973;Pipe et al 1979;Pritchard 1985;Rudolph 1968;Rudolph 1971).…”

“…Table 1. Estimated organ mass, potassium content, and 137Cs content throughout pregnancy (Assali 1960;Bengtsson et al 1964;Black 1960;Blechner 1974;Chesley 1972;Cristy 1987;Doran 1970;Duffas 1971;Eden 1990;Gillibrand 1969;Godfrey 1968;Godfrey and Wadsworth 1970;Gruenwald 1960;ICRP 1975;Innuma et al 1969;Iyengar 1978;Lind 1972;Longo 1976;Love and Burge 1953;MacGillivray 1958;McCance 1961;Mellor 1969;Metcalfe and Useland 1981;Morris 1974;Mountcastle 1968;Pipe et al 1979;Pirani 1973;F'ritchard 1985;Rudolph 1971;Schulz 1962;Tortora 1986;Trotter 1969;Ueland 1972;Williams 1987;Wilson and Spiers 1967;Yamagata 1962;Yamagata 1966 (Assali 1960;Blackburn 1992;Blechner 1974;Capeless 1989;Corsa 1950;Eden 1990;Eik-Nes 1980;Gill 1980;Ginsberg and Wilde 1954;…”