Measurement of three-dimensional force fields with atomic resolution using dynamic force spectroscopy

Hölscher, Hendrik; Langkat, S. M.; Schwarz, Alexander; Wiesendanger, R.

doi:10.1063/1.1525056

Cited by 143 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The 3D Áf image is constructed from either approaching or retracting Z profiles at each XY positions. The quantitative 3D force image is obtained by applying the force conversion formula [15] to the individual Z profiles constituting the 3D Áf image.Previously reported 3D imaging techniques using SFM were developed based on 1D spectroscopy [16] or 2D constant height imaging [17][18][19] and hence have no tipsample distance regulation during the measurement. In addition, owing to the complicated tip motion, these techniques take a measurement time on the order of hours or …”

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confidence: 99%

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Atomic-Scale Distribution of Water Molecules at the Mica-Water Interface Visualized by Three-Dimensional Scanning Force Microscopy

et al. 2010

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We have developed a method referred to as three-dimensional scanning force microscopy (3D-SFM) which enables us to visualize water distribution at a solid-liquid interface with an atomic-scale resolution in less than 1 min. The 3D-SFM image obtained at a mica-water interface visualizes 3D distributions of adsorbed water molecules above the center of hexagonal cavities and the laterally distributed hydration layer. The atomically resolved 3D-SFM image showing mirror symmetry suggests the existence of surface relaxation of the cleaved mica surface next to the aqueous environment. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.016101 PACS numbers: 68.37.Ps, 07.79.Lh Muscovite mica ( Fig. 1) is known as a prototype of clay minerals and hence has importance in fundamental research regarding clay swelling in geological science [1][2][3] and cloud seeding in ecological science [4,5]. In addition, owing to the ease of cleavage to present an atomically flat surface, a mica-water interface has been widely used as a model system to investigate nanofluidics in engineering and physics [6], lubrication in tribology, and molecular adsorption and diffusion in biology and chemistry. To date, the water distribution at a mica-water interface has been extensively studied by various techniques [7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. However, its atomistic model has not been established due to the difficulties in visualizing molecular-scale water distribution directly at a solid-liquid interface.Scanning force microscopy (SFM) is a nanoscale imaging technique which visualizes an ''isosurface'' of an interaction force acting between a sharp tip and a surface as a two-dimensional (2D) image [ Fig. 2(a)]. SFM has widely been used for imaging atomic-scale structures at solid-liquid, solid-air, and solid-vacuum interfaces. However, an interface inherently has a three-dimensional (3D) extent in subnanometer dimensions. Therefore, a 2D image obtained by SFM often fails to present important nature of interfacial phenomena. In particular, at a solidliquid interface, solvent molecules interacting with a surface often show 3D local distribution, which has not been fully accessible with conventional 2D-SFM. Here we propose a method referred to as 3D-SFM [ Fig. 2(b)], which enables us to visualize 3D distribution of water at a micawater interface in 53 sec with an atomic-scale resolution. With the obtained 3D-SFM image, we discuss the 3D distribution of adsorbed water molecules and hydration layers as well as the atomic-scale structure of cleaved mica surface next to an aqueous environment.Although the basic principles of 2D-and 3D-SFMs are applicable to various SFM operating modes, here we explain them in the case of frequency modulation (FM) detection mode [14], where the tip-sample interaction force is detected as a resonance frequency shift (Áf) of the vibrating cantilever. In 2D-SFM, the vertical tip position (z t ) is regulated to keep the Áf constant. With this tipsample distance regulation, a tip is laterally scanned in XY to present a 2D height image of ''Áf isosu...

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“…Previously reported 3D imaging techniques using SFM were developed based on 1D spectroscopy [16] or 2D constant height imaging [17][18][19] and hence have no tipsample distance regulation during the measurement. In addition, owing to the complicated tip motion, these techniques take a measurement time on the order of hours or days.…”

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confidence: 99%

Atomic-Scale Distribution of Water Molecules at the Mica-Water Interface Visualized by Three-Dimensional Scanning Force Microscopy

et al. 2010

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“…Atomic resolution imaging and subsequent 3D force field spectroscopy [6] were performed with a metallic Crcoated tip [ÁfðUÞ curve as in Fig. 1(a)] within the region displayed in Fig.…”

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Chemical Resolution at Ionic Crystal Surfaces Using Dynamic Atomic Force Microscopy with Metallic Tips

Teobaldi

Lämmle²,

Trevethan

et al. 2011

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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We demonstrate that well prepared and characterized Cr tips can provide atomic resolution on the bulk NaCl(001) surface with dynamic atomic force microscopy in the noncontact regime at relatively large tip-sample separations. At these conditions, the surface chemical structure can be resolved yet tipsurface instabilities are absent. Our calculations demonstrate that chemical identification is unambiguous, because the interaction is always largest above the anions. This conclusion is generally valid for other polar surfaces, and can thus provide a new practical route for straightforward interpretation of atomically resolved images.

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“…Owing to the continuous Z scan signal, 3D-SFM is much faster than the previously proposed 3D measurement methods [45,46]. We typically obtain a full 3D ∆ f image in 53 sec with a scan size of 4 × 4 × 2 nm 2 and a pixel resolution of 64 ×64× 256 pixels in XY Z.…”

Section: D Scanning Force Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Advanced Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced Instrumentation of Frequency Modulation AFM for Subnanometer-Scale 2D/3D Measurements at Solid-Liquid Interfaces

Fukuma

2015

Noncontact Atomic Force Microscopy

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Since the first demonstration of true atomic-resolution imaging by frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) in liquid, the method has been used for imaging subnanometer-scale structures of various materials including minerals, biological systems and other organic molecules. Rencetly, there have been further advancements in the FM-AFM instrumentation. Three-dimensional (3D) force measurement techniques are proposed for visualizing 3D hydration structures formed at a solid-liquid interface. These methods further enabled to visualize 3D distributions of flexible surface structures at interfaces between soft materials and water. Furthermore, the fundamental performance such as force sensitivity and operation speed have been significantly improved using a small cantilever and highspeed phase detector. These technical advancements enabled direct visualization of atomic-scale interfacial phenomena at 1 frame/sec. In this chapter, these recent advancements in the FM-AFM instrumentation and their applications to the studies on various interfacial phenomena are presented.

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Measurement of three-dimensional force fields with atomic resolution using dynamic force spectroscopy

Cited by 143 publications

References 27 publications

Atomic-Scale Distribution of Water Molecules at the Mica-Water Interface Visualized by Three-Dimensional Scanning Force Microscopy

Atomic-Scale Distribution of Water Molecules at the Mica-Water Interface Visualized by Three-Dimensional Scanning Force Microscopy

Chemical Resolution at Ionic Crystal Surfaces Using Dynamic Atomic Force Microscopy with Metallic Tips

Advanced Instrumentation of Frequency Modulation AFM for Subnanometer-Scale 2D/3D Measurements at Solid-Liquid Interfaces

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