“…Helium is produced in the fusion blankets. The tritium and thermal energy is taken away by the flowing helium 90‐93 …”
Section: Effective Thermal Conductivity Of the Pebble Bedmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The laser flash technique used to measuring the pebble bed ETC is based on the relationship between ETC and thermal diffusivity, bulk density and heat capacity 93,106 :where α is the thermal diffusivity. ρ is the bulk density, and c p is the heat capacity.…”
Section: Effective Thermal Conductivity Of the Pebble Bedmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thermal diffusivity can be directly measured through laser flash test facility, as shown in Figure 18 93 . A short and intense energy pulse is imposed on the top face of the pebble bed sample.…”
Section: Effective Thermal Conductivity Of the Pebble Bedmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Pebble bed sample holder design for ETC measurement using the laser flash method 93,95 . ETC, effective thermal conductivity [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]…”
Section: Effective Thermal Conductivity Of the Pebble Bedmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The three‐layer measurement technique was adopted, to achieve better converged pebble bed thickness for ETC. Based on the improved sample holder, Park et al 93 carried out the ETC measurement for Li 2 TiO 3 pebble bed fusion blanket. Both of the above experimental results found that ETC rose when the pebble bed temperature got larger.…”
Section: Effective Thermal Conductivity Of the Pebble Bedmentioning
Summary
Merits in the inherent safety characteristics and multiple applications, cause the pebble‐bed‐type nuclear reactors, including the High‐Temperature Gas‐cooled Reactors, Fluoride‐salt‐cooled High‐temperature Reactors and Water‐cooled Pebble‐bed Reactors, to gain more focus in recent years. Thermal‐hydraulic characteristics in the pebble bed reactor core are of great significance to the safety evaluation and design of such reactors. Experimental investigations on the thermal‐hydraulics of different fluids in the pebble‐bed‐type of nuclear reactor core have been reviewed in this paper. Main experimental methods to determine the flow regime transition, convective heat transfer coefficients, and effective thermal conductivity have been summarized, with the merits and disadvantages discussed. Discussions are given on the main factors that can influence the flow, convective heat transfer and effective thermal conductivity in the pebble bed.
“…Helium is produced in the fusion blankets. The tritium and thermal energy is taken away by the flowing helium 90‐93 …”
Section: Effective Thermal Conductivity Of the Pebble Bedmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The laser flash technique used to measuring the pebble bed ETC is based on the relationship between ETC and thermal diffusivity, bulk density and heat capacity 93,106 :where α is the thermal diffusivity. ρ is the bulk density, and c p is the heat capacity.…”
Section: Effective Thermal Conductivity Of the Pebble Bedmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thermal diffusivity can be directly measured through laser flash test facility, as shown in Figure 18 93 . A short and intense energy pulse is imposed on the top face of the pebble bed sample.…”
Section: Effective Thermal Conductivity Of the Pebble Bedmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Pebble bed sample holder design for ETC measurement using the laser flash method 93,95 . ETC, effective thermal conductivity [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]…”
Section: Effective Thermal Conductivity Of the Pebble Bedmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The three‐layer measurement technique was adopted, to achieve better converged pebble bed thickness for ETC. Based on the improved sample holder, Park et al 93 carried out the ETC measurement for Li 2 TiO 3 pebble bed fusion blanket. Both of the above experimental results found that ETC rose when the pebble bed temperature got larger.…”
Section: Effective Thermal Conductivity Of the Pebble Bedmentioning
Summary
Merits in the inherent safety characteristics and multiple applications, cause the pebble‐bed‐type nuclear reactors, including the High‐Temperature Gas‐cooled Reactors, Fluoride‐salt‐cooled High‐temperature Reactors and Water‐cooled Pebble‐bed Reactors, to gain more focus in recent years. Thermal‐hydraulic characteristics in the pebble bed reactor core are of great significance to the safety evaluation and design of such reactors. Experimental investigations on the thermal‐hydraulics of different fluids in the pebble‐bed‐type of nuclear reactor core have been reviewed in this paper. Main experimental methods to determine the flow regime transition, convective heat transfer coefficients, and effective thermal conductivity have been summarized, with the merits and disadvantages discussed. Discussions are given on the main factors that can influence the flow, convective heat transfer and effective thermal conductivity in the pebble bed.
Photovoltaic (PV) cells convert solar energy into electricity is currently the cleanest and most economical way to generate electricity. Nevertheless, just a portion of the solar power can be transformed into electrical energy, while the remaining portion is converted into heat, leading to an increase in the temperature of the PV cells. The rise in temperature will not only cause a decrease in the electrical efficiency of PV cells, but it may also impact their lifespan. By placing phase change materials (PCMs) on the back of the PV cells, it is possible to decrease the temperature increase and enhance the electrical efficiency. The heat collected by PCMs can also be taken away using liquid cooling and put to use. In this paper, the classification, performance evaluation and composite modification technology of PCMs are introduced in detail. The practical application requirements of PCMs in thermal management of PV cells are discussed, and some new ideas of applying PCMs to PV cells are prospected. Moreover, the prior investigations regarding the incorporation of PCMs with PV systems and PV/T systems have also been compiled, encompassing the various research perspectives and methodologies employed. In addition, the possible development direction in the future is prospected.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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