Measurement of the tortuosity factor of Ni-Cd battery electrodes by an improved conductivity method

Electrochemical Deposition of Aluminum from NaCl ‐ AlCl3 Melts

“…T h e a s s u m p t i o n of t h e p r e d o m i n a n t role of t h e e l e c t r o n u c l e a t i o n of a l u m i n u m in t h e d e p o s i t i o n process was also s u p p o r t e d by t h e h i g h effect of organic surfactants (13,14,16,17) s u c h as t e t r a m e t h y l a m m o n i u m chloride (TMA) a n d urea. The organic s u r f a c t a n t s were s u p p o s e d to block t h e active sites on t h e c a t h o d e surface a n d result in an energetic h o m o g e n i z a t i o n of the surface a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y lead to a n increased n u m b e r of g r o w i n g nuclei.…”

“…The S-X sites are assumed to present no amphoteric properties as has been shown through the electrokinetic properties of CN-grafted silica in colloidal aqueous suspensions (16). Thus, each type of site reacts with one specific ion: H § with the amphoteric SOH sites and M § with the S-X sites.…”

“…There were also reports suggesting that electrode substrates (8,11,15), inorganic and organic additives (10,13,16,17), and superposed alternating current (8) or pulsed current (15) had significant effects on inhibiting aluminum dendrite formation. These findings cannot, of course, fit the mechanism of diffusion-controlled dendrite formation but suggest the governing role of the formation of crystalline nuclei in the deposition (14,15).…”

“…This was later studied by Midorikawa in a series of papers (8)(9)(10). Thereafter, several studies have been performed in this field (11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). Many investigations supported the assumption of diffusion-controlled dendrite formation for aluminum deposition.…”

Electrochemical Properties of Nanoporous Carbon Electrodes

“…where ρ 1 and ρ 2 are the resistivities per unit length of the electrode material and of the electrolyte in the pores, respectively [21,32]; ω 1 is a characteristic frequency, related to the finite "field diffusion" [21]. Parameter k is the characteristic frequency proportional to the ratio of the exchange current density j o to the double layer capacitance C; and K is the so-called "field-diffusion constant", depending on the ohmic resistivities (ρ 1 and ρ 2 ) and on the value of capacitance.…”