Measurement of the soot concentration and soot particle sizes in propane oxygen flames

Bockhorn, Henning; Fetting, F.; Meyer, U.; Reck, R. A.; Wannemacher, G.

doi:10.1016/s0082-0784(81)80118-x

Cited by 49 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Furthennore, if the volume of scatterer is evaluated by an asymmetry measurement it should be an order of magnitude lower than that obtained applying the Mie theory and since the scattering cross sections do not sufficiently follow the inverse trends, a much lower mass concentration of soot should result. The comparison between soot concentration obtained by probe measurements and by LLS data, interpreted on the basis of the Mie-theory gives a much more limited disagreement [56,61,62]. It is not surprising, after this discussion, that previous attempts by Bonczyk [63] and the author's group to obtain the parameters of a size distribution of Lorenz-Mie spheres from experimental data did not give consistent results.…”

Section: Lls Measurements In Premixed Flames -mentioning

confidence: 84%

Laser Light Scattering and Fluorescence Diagnostics of Rich Flames Produced by Gaseous and Liquid Fuels

D’Alessio

1981

Particulate Carbon

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Rich combustion systems present a much more complex chemistry than stoichiometric or lean ones: compounds from unsaturated C2 hydrocarbons to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (P AH) are formed and destroyed, soot particles nucleate, grow and agglomerate and eventually burn out at different stages of the combustion. Furthermore, the fuel is introduced in the form of liquid droplets in many practical systems.The present paper presents initially a short summary of the scattering and extinction properties of spherical particles, from the Rayleigh regime to the ray optics limit (geometric regime), referring particularly to the simultaneous presence of soot particles and fuel droplets.Problems connected with polydispersion of spheres and the presence of particles of different shapes (spheroids, clusters, chains, etc.) are also briefly discussed.The paper reviews subsequently the u. v ./visible absorption and fluorescence spectra of some P AH compounds and discusses their interferences with the extinction due to soot particles and/or droplets and the spontaneous Raman effects due to low molecular mass compounds. The experimental section presents initially some laser light scattering (LLS) and extinction measurements carried out on large diesel oil spray flames. A procedure for distinguishing between fuel droplets and soot particles is illustrated, and average size and number concentration of soot particlesare evaluated. The effects of swirl on the spatial distribution of soot particles and fuel droplets for these types of flames are also shown. Optical results obtained on premixed and diffusion CH402 flames are compared in the next section: LLS measurements provide evidence for zones of early formation of soot particles while u. v. absorption and fluorescence spectra are related to the build-up ofPAH compounds.The final part of the paper compares the experimental results with the theoretical models and discusses agreement and limits; suggestions are LIST OF SYMBOLS

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Section: Lls Measurements In Premixed Flames -mentioning

confidence: 84%

Laser Light Scattering and Fluorescence Diagnostics of Rich Flames Produced by Gaseous and Liquid Fuels

D’Alessio

1981

Particulate Carbon

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“…Numerous studies of flame generated particulates (Wersborg et al, 1973;Lahaye et al, 1974;Chippett and Gray, 1978;Bockhorn et al, 1981Bockhorn et al, , 1986 showed the particle volume distribution function to be approximately logarithmic normal or Gaussian (corresponding to a lognormal distribution of small standard deviatioin). The above observations under various experimental conditions led to the wide use of the lognormal form as a reasonable approximation to the PVDF of aerosol particulates (Whitby, 1981;Lee et al, 1983Dobbins and Mulholland, 1984;Hodges and Foster, 1986).…”

Section: Bimodal Solution Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Bimodal Integral Solution of the Dynamic Equation for an Aerosol Undergoing Simultaneous Particle Inception and Coagulation

Megaridis

Dobbins

1990

Aerosol Science and Technology

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“…They pointed out that NH 3 addition reduced the soot loading in richer mixtures, and the appearance of soot occurred further above the burner than the blank flame. Bockhorn et al 21 studied the soot concentration and particle sizes in propane flames with NH 3 addition. They observed that soot concentration decreased when NH 3 and H 2 were added, and this finding was associated with the contraction of soot particle size.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Inhibitory Mechanisms of Ammonia Addition on Soot Formation: A Combined ReaxFF MD Simulations and Experimental Study

Zhang

Cheng

et al. 2022

Energy Fuels

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This paper demonstrates the effect of ammonia addition on soot formation co-firing with ethylene combined with reactive force field molecular dynamics simulations and experimental study. The effects of ammonia addition on soot propensity and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHS) evaluated from simulation results were consistent with the laser-induced incandescence/laser-induced fluorescence (LII/LIF) findings. By tracing the evolution of species and the visualization of reactions, the inhibitory mechanisms that occurred with the increased proportion of ammonia were revealed and embodied in the fuel decomposition stage and growth stage of PAHs and soot. In the fuel decomposition stage, the pools of aromatic hydrocarbon precursors weakened with the increase in the proportion of NH 3 and generated more nitrogen−carbon species, which continuously showed rising trends until the end of simulations. The overlap between the consumption of acetylene and the incipience of C 13+ and C 16+ species indicated that the strong inhibition on the growth of heavy PAHs was due in part to less acetylene generated. The snapshots of acetylene addition reactions with the PAH molecules in simulations provided further evidence for this result. The morphology of nanoparticles formed at 3 ns of simulations for 15 and 30% ammonia blending ratios was presented. The nitrogen atoms were mostly distributed at the edge sites of particles. The nitrogen− carbon molecules reacted with PAH-like molecules and mainly formed the edge sites of nanoparticles rather than becoming involved in establishing the internal skeleton of nanoparticles. In addition, with the increased proportion of ammonia, the nitrogen atom sites grabbed more active sites originally meant for hydrogen atoms, thus further inhibiting the growth of PAHs and soot.

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Measurement of the soot concentration and soot particle sizes in propane oxygen flames

Cited by 49 publications

References 11 publications

Laser Light Scattering and Fluorescence Diagnostics of Rich Flames Produced by Gaseous and Liquid Fuels

Laser Light Scattering and Fluorescence Diagnostics of Rich Flames Produced by Gaseous and Liquid Fuels

A Bimodal Integral Solution of the Dynamic Equation for an Aerosol Undergoing Simultaneous Particle Inception and Coagulation

Analysis of Inhibitory Mechanisms of Ammonia Addition on Soot Formation: A Combined ReaxFF MD Simulations and Experimental Study

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