Measurement of the Fluctuations in the Number of Muons in Extensive Air Showers with the Pierre Auger Observatory

Aab, A.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.; Albury, Justin M.; Allekotte, I.; Almela, A.; Álvarez-Muñiz, J.; Batista, Rafael Alves; Anastasi, Gioacchino Alex; Anchordoqui, Luis A.; Andrada, Belén; Andringa, S.; Aramo, C.; Ferreira, Paulo Ricardo Araújo; Asorey, H.; Assis, P.; Ávila, G.; Badescu, A. M.; Bakalová, Alena; Bălăceanu, Alexandru; Barbato, Felicia; Luz, Ricardo Jorge Barreira; Becker, Karl‐Heinz; Bellido, J. A.; Bérat, C.; Bertaina, M.; Bertou, X.; Biermann, Peter L.; Bister, Teresa; Biteau, J.; Blažek, Jiří; Bleve, C.; Bohã̌cov́a, M.; Boncioli, D.; Bonifazi, C.; Arbeletche, Luan Bonneau; Borodai, N.; Botti, Ana Martina; Brack, J.; Bretz, T.; Briechle, Florian Lukas; Buchholz, P.; Bueno, A.; Buitink, S.; Buscemi, Mario; Caballero-Mora, K. S.; Caccianiga, Lorenzo; Cancio, A.; Canfora, F.; Caracas, Ioana; Carceller, Juan Miguel; Caruso, R.; Castellina, A.; Catalani, Fernando; Cataldi, G.; Cazón, L.; Cerda, Marcos; Chinellato, J. A.; Choi, K.; Chudoba, J.; Chytka, L.; Clay, R. W.; Cerutti, Agustín Cobos; Colalillo, R.; Coleman, Alan; Coluccia, M. R.; Conceição, R.; Condorelli, Antonio; Consolati, G.; Contreras, F.; Convenga, Fabio; Covault, C. E.; Dasso, S.; Daumiller, K.; Dawson, B. R.; Day, J. A.; Almeida, R. M. de; Jesús, Joaquín de; Jong, S. J. De; Mauro, G. De; Neto, J. R. T. de Mello; Mitri, I. De; Oliveira, Jaime de; Franco, D.; Souza, Vítor de; Vito, Emanuele De; Debatin, J.; Río, Mariano del; Deligny, O.; Dembinski, H.-P.; Dhital, N.; Matteo, Armando di; Dobrigkeit, C.; D’Olivo, J. C.; Anjos, Rita Cassia dos; Dova, M. T.; Ebr, Jan; Engel, R.; Epicoco, Italo; Erdmann, M.; Escobar, C. O.; Etchegoyen, A.; Falcke, H.; Farmer, John; Farrar, Glennys R.; Fauth, A. C.; Fazzini, N.; Feldbusch, Fridtjof; Fenu, Francesco; Fick, B.; Figueira, J. M.; Filipčić, A.; Fodran, Tomáš; Freire, M. M.; Fujii, Toshihiro; Fuster, Alan; Galea, C.; Galelli, Claudio; García, Beatriz; Garcia-Pinto, D.; Gemmeke, H.; Gesualdi, Flavia; Gherghel-Lascu, A.; Ghia, P. L.; Giaccari, U.; Giammarchi, M.; Giller, M.; Glombitza, Jonas; Gobbi, Fabian; Gollan, Fernando; Golup, G.; Berisso, M. Gómez; Vitale, Primo F. Gómez; Gongora, Juan Pablo; González, Nicolás Martín; Goos, Isabel; Góra, D.; Gorgi, A.; Gottowik, Marvin; Grubb, Trent D.; Guarino, F.; Guedes, G. P.; Guido, Eleonora; Hahn, S.; Halliday, R.; Hampel, Matías Rolf; Hansen, P.; Harari, D.; Harvey, Violet M.; Haungs, A.; Hebbeker, T.; Heck, D.; Hill, G. C.; Hojvat, C.; Hörandel, J. R.; Horváth, P.; Hrabovský, M.; Huege, T.; Hulsman, J.; Insolia, A.; Isar, P. G.; Johnsen, Jeffrey A.; Jurýšek, Jakub; Kääpä, Alex; Kampert, Karl-Heinz; Keilhauer, B.; Kemp, J.; Klages, H. O.; Kleifges, M.; Kleinfeller, J.; Köpke, Marcel; Mezek, G. Kukec; Lago, Bruno L.; LaHurd, D.; Lang, Rodrigo Guedes; Langner, Niklas; Oliveira, M. A. Leigui de; Lenok, Vladimir; Letessier‐Selvon, A.; Lhenry-Yvon, I.; Presti, Domenico Lo; Lopes, L.; López, R.; Lorek, R.; Luce, Quentin; Lucero, A.; Lundquist, Jon Paul; Payeras, Allan Machado; Mancarella, G.; Mandát, Dušan; Manning, Bradley C.; Manshanden, Julien; Mantsch, P.; Marafico, Sullivan; Mariazzi, A. G.; Maris, Ioana Codrina; Marsella, G.; Martello, D.; Martínez, H.; Bravo, O. Martínez; Mastrodicasa, Massimo; Mathes, H. J.; Matthews, John; Matthiae, G.; Mayotte, E.; Mazur, Péter; Medina‐Tanco, G.; Melo, D.; Menshikov, Alexander; Merenda, Kevin-Druis; Michal, Stanislav; Micheletti, M. I.; Miramonti, L.; Mollerach, Silvia; Montanet, F.; Morello, C.; Mostafá, M.; Müller, Ana L.; Müller, M. A.; Mulrey, K.; Mussa, R.; Muzio, Marco Stein; Namasaka, Wilson M.; Nellen, L.; Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M.; Niechciol, Marcus; Nitz, D.; Nosek, D.; Novotný, Vladimír; Nožka, L.; Nucita, A. A.; Núñez, Luis A.; Palatka, M.; Pallotta, J.; Papenbreer, P.; Parente, G.; Parra, A.; Pech, M.; Pedreira, F.; Pękala, Jan; Pelayo, R.; Peña-Rodríguez, Jesús; Armand, Johnnier Perez; Perlín, M.; Perrone, L.; Petrera, S.; Pierog, T.; Pimenta, M.; Pirronello, V.; Platino, M.; Pont, Bjarni; Pothast, Mart; Privitera, P.; Prouza, M.; Puyleart, Andrew; Querchfeld, S.; Rautenberg, J.; Ravignani, D.; Reininghaus, Maximilian; Řídký, J.; Riehn, Felix; Risse, M.; Ristori, P.; Rizi, V.; Carvalho, W. Rodrigues de; Rojo, Juan; Roncoroni, Matías J.; Roth, M.; Roulet, Esteban; Rovero, A. C.; Ruehl, Philip; Saffi, S. J.; Sǎftoiu, A.; Salamida, F.; Salazar, H.; Salina, G.; Gómez, J. D. Sanabria; Sánchez, F.; Santos, Eva; Sarazin, F.; Sarmento, R.; Sarmiento-Cano, C.; Sato, R.; Savina, Pierpaolo; Schäfer, C.; Scherini, V.; Schieler, H.; Schimassek, Martin; Schimp, Michael; Schlüter, Felix; Schmidt, D.; Scholten, Olaf; Schovánek, Petr; Schröder, Frank G.; Schröder, S.; Schulte, J. F.; Sciutto, S. J.; Scornavacche, Marina; Shellard, R. C.; Sigl, Guenter; Silli, Gaia; Sima, O.; Šmída, R.; Sommers, P.; Soriano, Jorge F.; Souchard, Julien; Squartini, R.; Stadelmaier, Maximilian; Stanca, Denis; Stanič, S.; Stasielak, J.; Stassi, P.; Streich, Alexander; Suárez-Durán, Mauricio; Sudholz, T.; Suomijärvi, T.; Supanitsky, A. D.; Šupík, J.; Szadkowski, Z.; Taboada, A.; Tapia, A.; Timmermans, C.; Tkachenko, Olena; Tobiška, Petr; Peixoto, C. J. Todero; Tomé, B.; Elipe, G. Torralba; Travaini, Andres; Trávničék, P.; Trimarelli, Caterina; Trini, M.; Tueros, M.; Ulrich, R.; Unger, Michael; Vaclavek, Lukáš; Vacula, Martin; Galicia, J. F. Valdés; Valiño, I.; Valore, L.; Varela, E.; Vásquez-Ramírez, Adriana; Veberič, D.; Ventura, Cynthia; Quispe, Indira D. Vergara; Verzi, V.; Vícha, J.; Vink, Jacco; Vorobiov, S.; Wahlberg, H.; Watson, Alan; Weber, M.; Weindl, A.; Wiencke, L.; Wilczyński, H.; Winchen, T.; Wirtz, Marcus; Wittkowski, David; Wundheiler, B.; Yushkov, A.; Zapparrata, Orazio; Zas, E.; Zavrtanik, D.; Zavrtanik, M.; Zehrer, Lukas; Zepeda, A.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.126.152002

Cited by 72 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…It can be noticed, referring to Fig. 3 in [23], that the mixture of the two components, and , gives the maximum value of relative fluctuations. Therefore, the most conservative LIV model corresponds to the ratio of the fluctuations to the average number of muons for a mixture of proton and iron.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Constraining Lorentz Invariance Violation using the muon content of extensive air showers measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Trimarelli¹,

Abreu²,

Aglietta³

et al. 2021

Proceedings of 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2021)

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…2(b), where the relative fluctuations of the number of muons as a function of the primary energy are reported. Limits on LIV parameter can be derived comparing the observed strong decrease of the relative fluctuations with the muon fluctuation measurement [23] from the Pierre Auger Observatory [24].…”

Section: Pos(icrc2021)340mentioning

confidence: 99%

Constraining Lorentz Invariance Violation using the muon content of extensive air showers measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Trimarelli¹,

Abreu²,

Aglietta³

et al. 2021

Proceedings of 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2021)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The relative number of muons /( CR /10 EeV) and their (physical) fluctuations / in inclined air showers are composition-sensitive observables. Measurements of these observables with the Auger Fluorescence Detector (FD) and the SD have been shown to disagree with the theoretical predictions and hint at a heavier composition at the highest energies [8,12]. However, the present data of FD-SD lacks statistics at the highest energies due to the lower exposure of the FD.…”

Section: Hybrid Measurements Of Inclined Air Showers With Augerprimementioning

confidence: 83%

“…Figure 4: Simulated measurement of the relative mean number of muons with the SD and RD for two different composition scenarios comprised of p, He, N, and Fe primaries shown alongside the most recent measurements by the FD and SD[12] and theoretical predictions for pure proton and iron compositions. The error bars illustrate the statistical uncertainty only and the errorcaps (only shown for SD-FD, green) show the systematic uncertainty.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Expected performance of the AugerPrime Radio Detector

Schlüter¹,

Abreu²,

Aglietta³

et al. 2021

Proceedings of 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2021)

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The AugerPrime Radio Detector will significantly increase the sky coverage of mass-sensitive measurements of ultra-high energy cosmic rays with the Pierre Auger Observatory. The detection of highly inclined air showers with the world's largest 3000 km 2 radio-antenna array in coincidence with the Auger water-Cherenkov detector provides a clean separation of the electromagnetic and muonic shower components. The combination of these highly complementary measurements yields a strong sensitivity to the mass composition of cosmic rays. We will present the first results of an end-to-end simulation study of the performance of the AugerPrime Radio Detector. The study features a complete description of the AugerPrime radio antennas and reconstruction of the properties of inclined air showers, in particular the electromagnetic energy. The performance is evaluated utilizing a comprehensive set of simulated air showers together with recorded background. The estimation of an energy-and direction-dependent aperture yields an estimation of the expected 10-year event statistics. The potential to measure the number of muons in air showers with the achieved statistics is outlined. Based on the achieved energy resolution, the potential to discriminate between different cosmic-ray primaries is presented.

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“…However recent studies [8] have shown that the simulations are suffering from a deficit of produced muons. Knowing that the muonic component is decreasing the amplitude of the azimuthal asymmetry, a comparison with observed data is necessary to avoid an overestimation of the amplitude and overcompensating the position of the core too much in the downstream direction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

On the need for unbiasing azimuthal asymmetries in signals measured by surface detector arrays

Luce¹,

Roth²,

Schmidt³

et al. 2021

Proceedings of 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2021)

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A surface detector array samples the lateral distribution of an extensive air-shower (EAS) at the ground, i.e. the density of particles as a function of the distance from the axis of the shower. The azimuthal symmetry of this measured lateral distribution is broken for EAS with a nonzero zenith angle. The resulting asymmetry, caused by atmospheric attenuation and geometrical effects, increases with the inclination of the shower and introduces a bias in the reconstruction of the shower parameters. Using simulated sets of air-showers, we present a model to correct the azimuthal asymmetry in signals measured by water-Cherenkov detectors and exemplified using the geometry and detector response of the Pierre Auger Observatory. Testing showers initiated by proton and iron primaries using E -LHC and QGSJ II-04 as hadronic models, we developed a fine-tuned model of the amplitude of the asymmetry as a function of the zenith angle, shower size and distance of a detector from the shower axis. The improvements resulting from the application of the correction are quantified in terms of the biases and resolutions in the impact-point and arrival direction.

show abstract

Measurement of the Fluctuations in the Number of Muons in Extensive Air Showers with the Pierre Auger Observatory

Cited by 72 publications

References 39 publications

Constraining Lorentz Invariance Violation using the muon content of extensive air showers measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Constraining Lorentz Invariance Violation using the muon content of extensive air showers measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory

Expected performance of the AugerPrime Radio Detector

On the need for unbiasing azimuthal asymmetries in signals measured by surface detector arrays

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