Measurement of the Earth's magnetic field at high altitudes at White Sands, New Mexico

Maple, Elwood; Bowen, W. A.; Singer, S. Fred

doi:10.1029/jz055i002p00115

Cited by 27 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The development of rockets made it possible to explore the outer space of Earth and many discoveries soon followed. The dynamo currents of the ionosphere were located in the E-region (Maple et al, 1950;Singer et al, 1951;Cahill, 1959). Solar X-rays were detected for the first time in a period of low solar activity in 1949 (Friedman et al, 1951) and later it was observed that, during a solar flare, the intensity of X-ray flux increased considerably compared to light in other wavelengths.…”

Section: Discovery Of Sfementioning

confidence: 99%

Geomagnetic solar flare effects: a review

Curto

2020

J. Space Weather Space Clim.

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Solar flare effects (Sfe) are rapid variations in the Earth’s magnetic field and are related to the enhancement of the amount of radiation produced during Solar flare events. They mainly appear in the Earth’s sunlit hemisphere at the same time as the flare observation and have a crochet-like shape. Much progress has been made since Carrington’s first observations in 1859 which are considered to represent the first direct evidence of the connection between the Sun and the Earth’s environment but there is still much to discover. In this paper, we review state-of-the-art developments and the advances made in the knowledge concerning Sfe phenomena while also looking at the challenges that lie ahead. First, we offer a historical approach with a comprehensive description that allows for a better understanding of the main characteristics of Sfe. This frames specific topics like the puzzling reversed-Sfe or the nighttime Sfe. The role played by the Service of Rapid Magnetic variations (SRMV) is also assessed, followed by a discussion of the main current limiting factors in the process of detection and proposed ways to overcome challenges such as by creating an automatic detection method. The paper clarifies some aspects related to the geo-effectiveness of the solar flares producing magnetic disturbances. The importance of the global modelling studies covering critical aspects needed to understand this Sun–Earth system is assessed. Also, we provide an overview of the temporal evolution of the electric currents producing Sfe. The importance of key subjects such as the dynamic aspects of Sfe is developed in another section. Finally, estimations of the size of large flares using ionospheric and magnetic data are reviewed as well as the prospects of these large flare events putting technological systems in danger.

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Section: Discovery Of Sfementioning

confidence: 99%

Geomagnetic solar flare effects: a review

Curto

2020

J. Space Weather Space Clim.

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“…In the first attempts to measure the magnetic field from rockets a Naval Ordnance Laboratory flux-gate magnetometer was used [Maple, Bowen, and Singer, 1950;Singer, Maple, and Bowen, 1951]. No evidence of magnetic fields caused by upper-atmosphere current sheets was obtained during an early afternoon firing at White Sands Proving Ground, New Mexico.…”

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confidence: 99%

Rocket measurements of the magnetic field above New Mexico

Hutchinson¹,

Shuman²

1961

J. Geophys. Res.

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Absolute value, total intensity measurements of the magnetic field above Holloman Missile Development Center, New Mexico, were obtained to an altitude of 236 km with a proton precession magnetometer aboard an Aerobee‐Hi rocket. The flight took place on a magnetically quiet day during the normal midmorning variation. Comparison of the observed values with those predicted by spherical harmonic coefficients yields an anomaly of the order of 80 γ during ascent between the altitudes of 85 and 165 km, whereas no comparable effect was found for the descent portion of the flight down to 146 km.

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“…through the investigation of the local and volume (rather than height-integrated and sheet) effects. A number of studies have already been performed on the ionospheric magnetic field and currents [Maple, Bowen, and Singer, 1950;Singer, Maple, and Bowen, 1951;Heppner, Stolarik, and Meredith, 1958;Cahill, 1959aCahill, , 1959bZmuda, 1960]. Here, within the general framework of the dynamo theory and through the use of results of analysis on rocket magnetic data, it is the objective to treat the local and volume electrostatic effects connected with the equatorial electrojet.…”

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confidence: 99%

Ionospheric electrostatic fields and the equatorial electrojet

Zmuda¹

1960

J. Geophys. Res.

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The electrostatic characteristics associated with the equatorial electro jet are investigated with the aid of a number of theoretical and experimental considerations. With regard to the peak electro jet current, an eastward component of electric force of magnitude 4×10−4 volt/meter drives a current of density 10−5 amp/meter2. In the region of maximum current the ionosphere is electrically neutral, but the electric field is created by an electrostatic charge distribution with an excess of electrons in the region east of the point with peak current and an excess of positive charges in the region to the west. The maximum of the difference in the number density of the negative and positive charges is 5×10−2 charge/ meter3 for the volume density, and 9×104 charge/meter2 for the surface density on the lower boundary of the E layer. These number differences, which represent extremely small departures from electrical neutrality in the ionosphere, indicate the prime importance of a surface charge distribution in producing the ionospheric electrostatic field. The vertical component of the electrostatic force has a maximum value of 4×10−4 volt/meter but vanishes at the point containing the peak electro jet current.

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Measurement of the Earth's magnetic field at high altitudes at White Sands, New Mexico

Cited by 27 publications

References 1 publication

Geomagnetic solar flare effects: a review

Geomagnetic solar flare effects: a review

Rocket measurements of the magnetic field above New Mexico

Ionospheric electrostatic fields and the equatorial electrojet

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