Measurement of the cutaneous circulation

Wright, Harry M.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1965.20.4.696

Cited by 11 publications

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“…Our knowledge of the optical properties of skin is incomplete since these properties vary with skin thickness and with the degree of pigmentation. The differential absorption of light by blood and tissues provides a basis for photoelectric plethysmography (17) to supplement other means of estimating skin blood flow (18).…”

Section: Electrical and Thermal Barriermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Skin

Rushmer

Buettner

Short

et al. 1966

Science

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The concepts and techniques of mathematics, physics, and engineering are being applied as never before to biology and medicine. This is evidenced by rapidly developing hybrid disciplines such as biomathematics, biophysics, bioengineering, biomechanics, and bioclimatology. The opportunities for such interdisciplinary collaboration are far more extensive than is generally recognized. We have selected the skin as an example to show the diversity of biological problems which can be approached collaboratively by investigators with widely different backgrounds.The skin is an appropriate choice for many reasons. Everyone is familiar with many of its characteristics. Samples are immediately at hand for direct examination or quantitative measurements. It has both living and nonliving components susceptible to physical and chemical measurements. It contains many different tissues, including blood vessels, glands, sense organs and nerves, smooth muscle, connective tissue, and fat. Although many of its properties have been examined in the past, much remains to be learned. For example, diseases and lesions of the skin are generally identified primarily on the basis of their appearance. Comprehensive descriptions of the biological, physical, and chemical properties of the skin are badly needed to clarify its function in health and to serve as criteria for determining the presence of disease. OCTOBER 1966Human skin is a highly specialized organ with remarkable properties and diverse functions. Many primitive organisms live in a watery environment which ordinarily protects them against rapid fluctuations in temperature, humidity, concentration gradients, acceleration, toxic chemicals, radiation, and so forth. If their immediate environment suddenly changes, they die for lack of compensatory mechanisms. When living forms emerged from primordial swamps, their external skin became specialized as a barrier between delicate living cells and a capricious, often unfriendly environment. In the most highly developed organisms, the body cells flourish within a thermostatically controlled culture medium resembling in many respects an ancient tropical sea. With the skin as an effective barrier, the immediate environment of cells remains remarkably undisturbed during wide fluctuations in environmental conditions. Human tolerance to environmental changes evokes interest among many types of investigators, including anatomists, physiologists, dermatologists, and surgeons, and extends into areas of physics, chemistry, various fields of engineering, and far beyond.This article is intended to direct the attention of quantitative scientists to the opportunities for effective collaboration on problems related to biological structures and organisms.

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Section: Electrical and Thermal Barriermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Skin

Rushmer

Buettner

Short

et al. 1966

Science

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“…μέ θοδοι αύται* αποτελούν δμμεσον τρόπον ,προσδι,ορι,σμου' τΠς πε~ ρι,φερι,χΡίς κυκλοφορίας, AÌ, συνηθέστερον προσδι,ορι,ζόμεναυ ί,δι,ότητες τοϋ δέρματος είναι, ή μεταβολή* τοΟ όγκου μυας περι,οχΠς, ή θερμοκρασία, ή θερμοκη* άγωγυμότης, το χρώμα και* ή εκπεμπόμενη υπέρυθρος άκτι,νοβολύα (Burton 1940, Greenfield και,' συν. 1963, Wright 1965. 1.…”

Section: προσδιορισμος της δερματικης κυκλοφοριαςunclassified

“…'Η μέθοδος αύτη* χρησιμοποΐεΕται εύρΰτατα, λόγω τής άπλότητός της, άλλα και διότι επιτρέπει ,ΰπό ώρισμε'νας προϋποθέσεις, τ ti ν έπί μακρο'ν χρόνον έκτιίμησιν των μεταβο λών τής δερματικής κυκλοφορίας (Fetcher και συν. 194-9, Re disch, καιί συν.1952, Wright 1965.…”

Section: προσδιορισμος της δερματικης κυκλοφοριαςunclassified

Η Αγγειοκινητικη Αντιδρασις Του Δερματος Εις Το Νεογνον: Μελετη Της Δερματικης Αγγειοδιαστολης Της Ακρας Χειρος Κατοπιν Θερμανσεως Του Κο- Ρμου

Παπασ¹

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ft Λ ft sV ft Λ ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft Λ ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ft Λ Λ Λ ft ft ft ft Λ ft ft ft ft ft ft ft ΜΕΡΟΣ ΠΡΩΤΟΝ ΕΙΣΑΓΩΓΗ Ή άνατομυκή* καί λει,τουργυκη* ωρι,μότης των διαφόρων συ στημάτων τοϋ νεογνού άποτελοΰν άπαραίτητον προϋπόθεσαν δι,ά τη*ν ί,κανοπουητι,κη'ν προσαρμογην του είς τάς συνθηκας του" έξωμητρίου περιβάλλοντος.Το* δέρμα δι,ά τη*ς άγγει,οκι,νητι,κης του λειτουργίας άποτελεϋ σημαντι,κώτατον παράγοντα θερμορρυθμίσεως, καθ'δσον δι,'αύτοΐ) έπι,τελεϋταυ η ανταλλαγή θερμότητος μεταξύ* έσω-τερυκοΏ τοϋ σώματος καί περιβάλλοντος• Ούτω π.χ., εύς πε ριβάλλον χαμηλές θερμοκρασίας η ηυξημένης μετακυνή*σεως τοΟ αέρος η αποβολή* θερμότητος εκ δερματι,κης έπυφανείας, ώρι,σμένης ύφη*ς καί περι,εκτυκότητος εί,ς λι,πώδη συνδετι,κόν ίστόν, δύναται, νά μευωθη* σημαντι,κως δι/ έκσεσημασμένης δερματυκη*ς άγγει,οδι,αστολη'ς. Δυά τοϋ ανωτέρω μηχανοσμου" επέρ χεται, έλάττωσι,ς τη*ς θερμι,κης άγωγι,μότητος τδΰ 'δέρματος δι,ά μεοώσεως τη*ς δι,ά τη*ς κυκλοφορίας μεταφερομένης θερμότητος (Day καί συν.,1943). Ει,δι,κώτερον, εντός συγκεκριμένου δι,ά κάθε νεογνόν εύ ρους περιβαλλοντικών συνθηκών, π,χ. θερμοκρασίας, υγρασί ας, ακτινοβολίας κλπ, οριζομένου ώς ουδετέρου θερμι,κοϋ περιβάλλοντος (neutral thermal environment), η θερμι,κη* Cσορροπτία μεταξύ σώματος καί περιβάλλοντος έπι,τελεεται, δι,ά μόνης τ?ίς άγγει,οκι,νητι,κη*ς λειτουργίας τοϋ δέρματος (Hey, 1971). Ή έτο^μότ,ης της άγγει,οκι,νητι,κης λει,τουργίας τοϋ δε'ρματος κατά τη'ν νεογνι,κη'ν περίοδον απετέλεσαν θέμα ευρύτα της μελέτης.Μία έκ τωΛ> συχνότερον χρησι,μοποι,ηθει,σων μεθό δων είϊναι, η μελέτη τ?\ς αγγειοδιαστολής τοϋ δέρματος της άκρας χει,ρός κατόπυν θερμάνσεως άλλων περιοχών τοϋ σώμα τος, ώς π.χ.τοϋ κορμοϋ η των κάτω άκρων.Εΰς τον ένηλι,κον η δι,ά της μεθόδου αύτης προκαλούμενη

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Effects of acclimatization to cold baths on men's responses to whole-body cooling in air

Budd

Brotherhood

Beasley

et al. 1993

Europ. J. Appl. Physiol.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the thermoregulatory mechanisms underlying artificial acclimatization to cold and to compare them with those of naturally acclimatized men. Six white men were cooled, nude, in air at 10 degrees C for 2 h before and after they had been acclimatized by ten daily cold (15 degrees C) baths of 30-60 min followed by rapid rewarming in hot (38-42 degrees C) water, and again 4 months later after acclimatization had decayed. Six control subjects also underwent the same tests, providing an opportunity to discriminate between changes caused by the immersions and those caused by extraneous influences. Acclimatization significantly reduced heat production and heat loss (P < 0.05) but did not change heat debt. The reduced heat production was accompanied by reductions in shivering (P < 0.10) and in cold-induced muscle tenseness; no evidence of nonshivering thermogenesis or active brown fat was found. These findings are attributed to increased tissue insulation, mediated by an enhanced vascular response to cold that did not involve the cutaneous circulation and was probably located in skeletal muscle. Thermal sensation and discomfort did not change, although perceived strain tended to increase (P = 0.08). Acclimatization was accompanied by, but was unrelated to, slower cooling of the finger and toe. The main conclusions, and many specific findings, agree with those of two previous studies made by the same techniques in naturally acclimatized men wintering in Antarctica. Other significant findings included changes--in particular reduced thermoneutral rectal temperature and a delayed onset of shivering--that are commonly regarded as evidence of acclimatization but were in fact unrelated to it as they also occurred in the control group. They are attributed to extraneous influences, in particular the relaxation of heightened arousal ('first-time effects') found in the baseline tests.

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Measurement of the cutaneous circulation

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

The Skin

The Skin

Η Αγγειοκινητικη Αντιδρασις Του Δερματος Εις Το Νεογνον: Μελετη Της Δερματικης Αγγειοδιαστολης Της Ακρας Χειρος Κατοπιν Θερμανσεως Του Κο- Ρμου

Effects of acclimatization to cold baths on men's responses to whole-body cooling in air

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