Measurement of shear-wave velocity by ultrasound critical-angle reflectometry (UCR)

Measuring guided waves in long bones: Modeling and experiments in free and immersed plates

“…Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology Volume 32, Number 5, 2006 variation in the bulk velocity parameters yielded a 20% variation in the ultrasound thickness. According to the literature and our own experiments (Lee et al 1997;Mehta and Antich 1997;Moilanen et al 2003;Muller et al 2005), the variation of bulk velocities in cortical bone is 2% to 5%. Thus, the sensitivity analysis was made within a relevant range and the levels of error (including the measurement precision and effect of assuming constant material parameters) were relatively modest.…”

Low intensity pulsed ultrasound for fracture healing: A review of the clinical evidence and the associated biological mechanism of action

“…The longitudinal ultrasound waves incident on the bone surface are converted into both longitudinal and shear waves that travel into the bone. Critical-angle reflectometry has been used to measure the speeds of sound in bone and therefore to calculate the elastic properties of that material [14][15][16]. Antich et al [15] and Mehta et al [16] demonstrated experimentally that mode conversion occurs when a wave impinges on the interface between materials of different acoustic impedance (water and bone) at an oblique angle of incidence.…”

“…Critical-angle reflectometry has been used to measure the speeds of sound in bone and therefore to calculate the elastic properties of that material [14][15][16]. Antich et al [15] and Mehta et al [16] demonstrated experimentally that mode conversion occurs when a wave impinges on the interface between materials of different acoustic impedance (water and bone) at an oblique angle of incidence. PZ-Flex (Weidlinger Associates), a finite element modeling package, has been used to model in two dimensions a cross sectional of the human thigh, consisting of muscle, cortical femoral bone, and bone marrow [17].…”

Ultrasound applications to medicine part i: physical principles.

“…The transverse or lateral resolution is determined by the width of the transducer and the beam divergence angle in the far field [118]. This resolution is increased with increasing divergence.…”