Measurement of Serum Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Triglyceride-Rich Remnant Cholesterol as Independent Predictors of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Possibilities and Limitations

Abstract

The serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration is the dominant clinical parameter to judge a patient’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent evidence supports the theory that cholesterol in serum triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) contributes significantly to the atherogenic risk, independent of LDL-C. Therefore, combined analysis of both targets and adequate treatment may improve prevention of CVD. The validity of TRL-C calculation is solely dependent on the accuracy of the LDL-C measurement. Direct measurement of serum LDL- C is more accurate than established estimation procedures based upon Friedewald, Martin–Hopkins, or Sampson equations. TRL-C can be easily calculated as total C minus high density lipoprotein C (HDL-C) minus LDL-C. Enhanced serum LDL-C or TRL-C concentrations require different therapeutic approaches to lower the atherogenic lipoprotein C. This review describes the different atherogenic lipoproteins and their possible analytical properties and limitations.

The Relationship of Nutritional Status with Cholesterol Levels in Junior High School Students in Malang

“…Body mass index can be used to measure body fat deposits. Increased cholesterol levels can occur due to the reduced ability of HDL to transport excess peripheral cholesterol back to the liver, including cholesterol found in atherosclerotic plaque (IQWiG., 2024;Lütjohann et al, 2023;Reduce Your Risk of ASCVD, n.d.;Schröder et al, 2023).…”

Association between nontraditional lipid parameters and cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a retrospective study

“…Traditional lipid parameters, such as triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), are associated with the patient's risk of developing cardiovascular disease (5,6,7). Disordered lipid metabolism is implicated in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, with LDL-C serving as a central component in the blood lipids.…”

Differences in Cholesterol Metabolism, Hepato-Intestinal Aging, and Hepatic Endocrine Milieu in Rats as Affected by the Sex and Age

“…In blood, free and esterified cholesterol is mainly transported in pro-atherogenic, apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing non-high-density lipoproteins (non-HDLs), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and further triglyceride-rich lipoproteins such as very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs), chylomicrons, and chylomicron remnants [ 7 , 8 ]. A growing number of reports in the literature suggest that non-HDL-C is a better lipoprotein marker for any atherosclerotic disease than LDL-C or ApoB in humans [ 9 , 10 ], Although differences between men and women in plasma lipid profiles, hepatic lipid metabolism, and response to pharmaceutical approaches to lower cholesterol have been described [ 11 ], the molecular mechanisms underlying these sex differences are still unclear.…”