Measurement of semi-volatiles in used natural gas engine oil using thermogravimetric analysis

Mullins, Gene; Truhan, J.J.

doi:10.1243/14680874jer00907

Cited by 2 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…As such, the samples were oxidised at 550 °C after preheating in a nitrogen environment 500 °C. Such protocol is in line with works of Mullins and Truhan [36] as well as Bredin et al [34], reducing the maximum temperature for the initial stage to avoid oxidation due to oxygen traces. Aside from compositional details, information on soot concentration is important for automotive applications as the amount of soot in the lubricating oil is linked to the extent of wear [22,25,37].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Soot in the Lubricating Oil: An Overlooked Concern for the Gasoline Direct Injection Engine?

Pfau¹,

Rocca²,

Haffner-Staton³

et al. 2019

SAE Technical Paper Series

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F ormation of soot is a known phenomenon for diesel engines, however, only recently emerged for gasoline engines with the introduction of direct injection systems. Soot-in-oil samples from a three-cylinder turbocharged gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine have been analysed. The samples were collected from the oil sump after periods of use in predominantly urban driving conditions with start-stop mode activated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to measure the soot content in the drained oils. Soot deposition rates were similar to previously reported rates for diesel engines, i.e. 1 wt% per 15,000 km, thus indicating a similar importance. Morphology was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Images showed fractal agglomerates comprising multiple primary particles with characteristic core-shell nanostructure. Furthermore, large amorphous structures were observed. Primary particle sizes ranged from 12 to 55 nm, with a mean diameter of 30 nm and mode at 31 nm. Particle agglomerates were measured by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). The agglomerates were found to range between 42 and 475 nm, with a mean size of 132 nm and mode at 100 nm. The distribution was shifted towards larger sizes with a minor concentration of very large agglomerates observed around 382 nm. While deposition rate and agglomerate morphology were similar to diesel engines, distinctive amorphous carbon and smaller particles were observed. Hence, existing knowledge for diesel applications might not be directly transferrable.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Soot in the Lubricating Oil: An Overlooked Concern for the Gasoline Direct Injection Engine?

Pfau¹,

Rocca²,

Haffner-Staton³

et al. 2019

SAE Technical Paper Series

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“…However, there was no further mass loss found beyond 410°C in air. Although the boiling point of lubricant oils differs depending on the operational conditions of the oil and its properties, other studies have observed evaporation temperatures of commonly used diesel engine oil in the same temperature range [5].…”

Section: Towards An Improved Tga Oil Analysis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pyrolysis of soots [12] from different origins -including engine produced soot -showed a conversion of soot into several volatile poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) under similar conditions to those at which oil analysis is conducted. In recently published findings [5,13] reduction in sample mass could also be observed during TGA of engine oil under an inert atmosphere at temperatures far beyond the oil evaporation point, possibly leading to distorted results when determining soot content.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…In the first step (Sections A and B, Fig. 1) oil is evaporated under inert gas flow, commonly nitrogen or argon, with these steps being essentially completed by 525C [5]. For the combustion step (Section C), an oxidizing purge gas (dry air or oxygen) is used to combust the carbon-containing components of the sample.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several analytical techniques exist to observe the condition of engine oils [5], with Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) analysis representing one of the most common methods for determining soot in routine soot-in-oil analysis. However thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is considered to be a more accurate technique for soot content determination [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermogravimetric analysis of carbon black and engine soot—Towards a more robust oil analysis method

Bredin

Larcher

Mullins

2011

Tribology International

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This work examined the thermal behaviour of diesel engine produced soot and commercial carbon black using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found that during TGA analysis of the carbon matrices (at a temperature range commonly used for soot-in-oil content determination), a gradual mass loss occurred. This was attributed to pyrolysis effects and combustion processes occurring due to poor hydrodynamic design of some commercial thermobalances. This process resulted in a significant mass loss of the carbon during TGA. This finding may strongly effect soot-in-oil analysis conducted using current methods. Experiments were conducted using a range of soot-in-oil mixtures according to the widely used thermogravimetric standard method ASTM 5967-08 which showed a significant underestimation of the soot content in the oil as a result of carbon mass loss due to combustion and/or pyrolysis effects. An improved oil analysis method is proposed which provides a significantly increased accuracy of soot determination in lubricant oils.

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Measurement of semi-volatiles in used natural gas engine oil using thermogravimetric analysis

Cited by 2 publications

References 10 publications

Soot in the Lubricating Oil: An Overlooked Concern for the Gasoline Direct Injection Engine?

Soot in the Lubricating Oil: An Overlooked Concern for the Gasoline Direct Injection Engine?

Thermogravimetric analysis of carbon black and engine soot—Towards a more robust oil analysis method

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