Measurement of Proppant Transport of Frac Fluids

Harris, Phillip; Morgan, Ronnie; Heath, Stanley

doi:10.2523/95287-ms

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Hannah and Harrington 17 present lab data that shows that proppant in crosslinked fluids falls at a rate which is reduced by about 80% when compared to non-crosslinked linear gels with the same apparent viscosity. The rate of proppant fall in foams and emulsions is also much less than would be indicated by using the apparent viscosity in Stoke's Law 18 . Another factor affecting proppant fall is the particle concentration which increases slurry viscosity ( Figure 11).…”

Section: Proppant Fall Ratesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Fracturing Fluids

Montgomery¹

2013

Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing

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When fracturing, viscosity play a major role in providing sufficient fracture width to insure proppant entrance into the fracture, carrying the proppant from the wellbore to the fracture tip, generating a desired net pressure to control height growth and providing fluid loss control. The fluid used to generate the desired viscosity must be safe to handle, environmentally friendly, non-damaging to the fracture conductivity and to the reservoir permeability, easy to mix, inexpensive and able to control fluid loss. This is a very demanding list of requirements that has been recognized since the beginning of Hydraulic fracturing. This paper describes the history of fracturing fluids, the types of fracturing fluids used, the engineering requirement of a good fracturing fluid, how viscosity is measured and what the limitations of the engineering design parameters are.

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Section: Proppant Fall Ratesmentioning

confidence: 91%

Fracturing Fluids

Montgomery¹

2013

Effective and Sustainable Hydraulic Fracturing

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“…Proppant supports and migrates more efficiently in the elastic zone of a viscoelastic fracturing fluid than in the viscous zone (Harris et al, 2005). Figure 6 shows the viscoelasticity of the fracturing fluid system as the oscillation frequency.…”

Section: Viscoelastic Performance Of Fracturing Fluid Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel CO2 sensitive and recyclable viscoelastic fluid system for fracturing

Sun²,

Dai³

et al. 2022

Front. Earth Sci.

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Hydraulic fracturing is one of the most commonly used processes of stimulating oil and gas wells to improve the production in low permeability reservoirs or damaged wells. In response to the serious water waste caused by the flowback fluid after the fracturing operation and the huge environmental pressure, a novel CO2 sensitive and recyclable viscoelastic fracturing fluid was developed. This CO2 sensitive property allows fracturing fluids to be recycled. The system consists of viscoelastic surfactants called fatty methyl ester sulfonates (FMES), triethylenetetramine and NaCl. The system shows a strong sensitivity to CO2. When the system is repeatedly contacted and separated from CO2, the viscosity rises and falls rapidly and regularly. The experiments of viscoelasticity, shear resistance and microstructure confirmed that the increasing viscosity of the system after contacting with CO2 was caused by the formation of viscoelastic fluid. When the system leak-off into the formation matrix, the microstructure of the system will be rapidly destroyed under the action of hydrocarbons, and the viscosity will drop to 1.225 mPa·s. Low viscosity after destroying reduces the retention of the system in the formation, resulting in formation damage rate of less than 35%. This research not only provides high-performance, low-cost fracturing fluids, but also provides new insights for the recovery and utilization of fracturing fluids.

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“…The purpose of a hydraulic fracturing process is to create a high-conductivity propped fracture propagating from the wellbore. 74 The success or failure of a fracturing treatment is determined by the length, width, and height of the produced fractures. 75 The fracture dimensions depend on the distribution of the proppants.…”

Section: Energy and Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Evaluation of a Low pH and Low Polymer Concentration Zirconium-CMHPG Gel System for Hydraulic Fracturing

Zhang¹,

Zhang²,

et al. 2019

Energy Fuels

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Low pH fracturing fluids, such as the transition metal cross-linked guar derivative, can reduce the formation damage caused by clay swelling and fines migration in hydraulic fracturing treatments. However, a major disadvantage of the fluids is the uncontrollable rapid viscosity development, especially cross-linking under a pH below 3.0. In this paper, a novel delayed organic zirconium cross-linker with lactate and ethylene glycol as ligands was designed to overcome the shortcoming. Carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG), which results in a low gel residue after breaking, was used as the polymer at low concentration. The impact of gelation parameters on the properties of zirconium-CMHPG gel system was systematically investigated using a Sydansk bottle-testing method combined with a controlled stress rheometer. Desirable gelation time delay with agreeable rheological performance could be obtained by optimizing the polymer and cross-linker concentrations even at a pH as low as 2.0. Uniformly and compactly generated 3D network microstructures could firmly lock the free water within the gel, which further improved the thermostability and acid-resistance of the system. Meanwhile, the structures could also maintain the viscoelasticity of the fluid at a high level to ensure the efficient transportation of the proppants. Proppant settling and gel breaking tests demonstrated that the low pH and low polymer concentration gel system generated fewer insoluble residues with an uncompromised suspension performance. Moreover, the formation damage evaluation revealed that the low pH fracturing fluid system produced a better return permeability than the high pH system.

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Measurement of Proppant Transport of Frac Fluids

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Fracturing Fluids

Fracturing Fluids

A novel CO2 sensitive and recyclable viscoelastic fluid system for fracturing

Laboratory Evaluation of a Low pH and Low Polymer Concentration Zirconium-CMHPG Gel System for Hydraulic Fracturing

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