Measurement of primary-process thinking in dream reports.

Auld, Frank; Goldenberg, Gary M.; Weiss, Jutta

doi:10.1037/h0025488

Cited by 36 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…A temporal unit is defined as whatever activities could synchronously occur and are not described as having occurred successively (Foulkes & Schmidt, 1983). We considered density of both size and shape distortions, given that several studies have shown a positive correlation between bizarreness and report length (Antrobus, 1983;Auld et al, 1968;Hunt et al, 1993;McCarley and Hoffman, 1981;Wood, Sebba, & Domino, 1989-1990. Qualitative analysis of bizarreness was conducted on report texts and on an interview that is routinely conducted in the sleep laboratory immediately following free recall, in order to clarify any unclear aspects of images or scenes described in the participants' initial verbalizations.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bizarreness of size and shape in dream images

Cicogna

Occhionero

Natale

et al. 2007

Consciousness and Cognition

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bizarreness of size and shape in dream images

Cicogna

Occhionero

Natale

et al. 2007

Consciousness and Cognition

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“…Scoring of dreams -A blind judge scored each dream for bizarreness using two scales, Auld's Scale of Primary Process Thinking [24] and a revised version of Kluger's Everydayness Scale [35]. Except for some modifications of the Everydayness scale to improve its psychometric properties, these scales were the same as those used in the studies cited above by Domino [17] and Cann and Donderi [19], and had already demonstrated predicted correlations with waking measures of creativity and intuition.…”

Section: Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A second problem arises from the fact that, as Antrobus has pointed out [22,23] , measures of dream implausibility and bizarreness typically correlate as highly as .60 with dream report length [24], so that the "bizarre" dreams identified by researchers may simply be "long" ones. The possibility exists, then, that creative people do not really have more bizarre dreams, but merely give longer dream reports.…”

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confidence: 98%

Do Creative People Have More Bizarre Dreams? A Reconsideration

Wood

Sebba

Domino

1989

Imagination, Cognition and Personality

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An attempt was made to replicate earlier studies which have found a relation between waking creativity and dream bizarreness. Two-week dream diaries were collected from 126 undergraduates and the dreams scored for bizarreness using Auld's Primary Process Scale and Kluger's Everydayness Scale. Subjects were also administered four commonly used tests of creativity as well as a test of vocabulary knowledge. Dream bizarreness was found to correlate significantly with scores on some but not all the tests of creativity. However, bizarreness correlated most highly with subjects' level of vocabulary knowledge. Furthermore, partial correlations of creativity test scores with dream bizarreness were not statistically significant when subjects' level of vocabulary knowledge was controlled for. The authors conclude that the connection between waking creativity and dream bizarreness has not been convincingly demonstrated, and that earlier researchers may have found an association between the two because they failed to control for subjects' verbal intelligence and for dream report length. Data is also provided concerning the relation of creativity to dream recall frequency.The idea of a connection between creativity and dreams is as old as the Romantic poets [1,2] and as new as the most contemporary dream research:So highly socialized are we to accept our given wake-state role that we fail to recognize the clear-cut evidence of our dreams that each of us possesses creative capability. Each of us is a surrealist at night during his or her dreams: each is a Picasso, a Dali, a Fellini-the delightful and the macabre mixed in full measure [3, p. 297).3

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“…Recently, Holt has published 6 an extensive manual for his "Primary Process System" (PRIPRO-system; Holt, 2007Holt, , 2009) which assesses both content and formal characteristics of primary process but also examines whether manifestations of condensation, displacement, symbolization, contradiction and distortion can be discerned in people"s thinking. Auld, Goldenberg and Weiss (1968) constructed a rating scale fort the scoring of primary process thinking in dreams. Finally, Martindale and Dailey (1996) developed a computerized scoring system (the Regressive Imagery Dictionary) that can be applied in computerized lexical analyses of a variety of text materials.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical evidence for Freud's theory of primary process mentation in acute psychosis.

Bazan¹,

Draege²,

Kock³

et al. 2013

Psychoanalytic Psychology

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) has proposed that primary process functioning is typical for acute psychosis. A non-verbal method, the "Geocat" (Brakel, Kleinsorge, Snodgrass and Shevrin, 2000), measures primary processes operationalised as attributional categorisation, which considers exemplars as similar if particular features match, even if these components are arranged in a quite different configuration. With the use of GeoCat we explored primary process mentation in 127 psychiatric patients. Results show that (1) there are substantially higher levels of attributional choices in our sample of psychiatric patients, independently of diagnosis, than in a non-patient population; (2) psychotic patients tend to have more attributional choices than non-psychotic patient; patients with acute psychotic symptoms show more attributional responses than patients without acute psychotic symptoms; (3) this increase of attributional choices with the psychotic condition is independent of self-rated anxiety or medication intake. We propose that, instead, this increase of attributional levels in the acutely psychotic patients reflects a predominance of primary processing which is specifically tied to the acutely psychotic condition, as proposed by Freud.

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Measurement of primary-process thinking in dream reports.

Cited by 36 publications

References 17 publications

Bizarreness of size and shape in dream images

Bizarreness of size and shape in dream images

Do Creative People Have More Bizarre Dreams? A Reconsideration

Empirical evidence for Freud's theory of primary process mentation in acute psychosis.

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