“…No differences between the two cells thus can be detected by the usual currentevoltage plots and/or electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The differences between the two cells, however, can be observed if inert metal probes are embedded in the electrolyte which measure 4 [19]. The measured electric potentials within the electrolyte by embedded probes will be different in the two cells, that is the distribution of 4 within the electrolyte, will be different.…”