Measurement of NORM

Friedmann, H.; Nuccetelli, Cristina; Michalik, B.; Anagnostakis, M.J.; Xhixha, Gerti; Kovler, Konstantin; Gascó, C.; Schroeyers, Wouter; Trevisi, Rosabianca; Antropov, S. Yu.; Tsapalov, Andrey; Kunze, Christian; Petropoulos, N.P.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102009-8.00005-0

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Building materials produced from rocks and sediments (clay, sand, gravel and soils) contain natural 37 radioactive elements at highly variable concentration levels and can constitute Naturally Occurring 38 Radioactive Materials (NORM) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Natural radioactivity of building materials contributes to the 39 mean annual radiation dose to population both in terms of external irradiation directly emitted from 40 the material and of internal exposure related to the radon exhaled [12][13][14]. External radiation exposure 41 is determined by direct gamma radiation from external sources, and can be assessed from the activity 42 concentrations of radium ( 226 Ra), thorium ( 232 Th), and potassium ( 40 K).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…This trend is partly motivated by an increasing awareness of the need for 58 green strategies [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28], and partly by the perspective of reducing costs, especially in the production 59 of building material. Although mitigating the impact on the environment by reducing primary geo-60 resources exploitation, and often even improving their properties, these products are required to 61 undergo health risk assessment and fulfil health standards before being commercialised [14,29,30].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Radionuclide concentration and radon exhalation in new mix design of bricks produced reusing NORM by-products: The influence of mineralogy and texture

Coletti

Brattich

Cinelli

et al. 2020

Construction and Building Materials

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confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Radionuclide concentration and radon exhalation in new mix design of bricks produced reusing NORM by-products: The influence of mineralogy and texture

Coletti

Brattich

Cinelli

et al. 2020

Construction and Building Materials

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“…In this context, determining concentrations through gamma spectrometry is of crucial importance. Nonetheless, for risk management procedures regarding external exposures from construction materials, see [ 1 , 21 , 22 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radon Exhalation Rate: A Metrological Approach for Radiation Protection

Ambrosino,

La Verde,

Gagliardo

et al. 2024

Sensors

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Radon, a radioactive inert gas that comes from the decay of naturally occurring radioactive species, poses a substantial health risk due to its involvement in lung cancer carcinogenesis. This work proposes a metrological approach for determining radon exhalation rates from diverse building materials. This methodology employs an electrostatic collection chamber for alpha spectrometry of radon isotopic decay products. Experimental evaluations were conducted particularly focusing on volcanic gray tuff from Sant’Agata de’ Goti (Campania region, Italy), a material commonly utilized in construction, to assess radon exhalation rates. The study aligns with Legislative Decree 101/2020, a transposition of European Directive 59/2013/Euratom, highlighting the need to identify materials with a high risk of radon exhalation. Moreover, this work supports the goals of the Italian National Radon Action Plan related to the aforementioned decree, aiming to develop methodologies for estimating radon exhalation rates from building materials and improving radioprotection practices.

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“…The massic exhalation (Friedmann et al, 2017) of surveyed samples was determined with an accumulation chamber technique. The granulated (<10 mm grain size (Friedmann et al, 2017)), dry samples were enclosed in radon-tight acrylic accumulation chambers equipped with stainless steel valves. To effectively remove the radon from the samples-including pores-the chambers were evacuated in a vacuum chamber and after purged with intensive radon-free airflow.…”

Section: Massic Radon Exhalation and Emanation Factor Of Surveyed Sammentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiological characterisation of alkali-activated construction materials containing red mud, fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag

Sas¹,

Sha

Soutsos

et al. 2019

Science of The Total Environment

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This study characterises the Naturally Occurring Radionuclides (NORs) content of a suite of secondary raw materials or industrial residues that are normally disposed of in landfills or lagoons but now are increasingly used in green concretes. This includes ashes from a variety of industrial processes and red mud from aluminium production, as well as air pollution control residue and cement kiln dust. The chemical composition of the samples was determined with X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). The Ra-226, Th-232 and K-40 activity concentrations were obtained by gamma spectrometry, and the results were compared with recently published NOR databases. The correlation between the NOR content and the main chemical 2 composition was investigated. The radioactive equilibrium in the U-238 chain was studied based on the determination of progeny isotopes. The most commonly used calculation methods (activity concentration index and radium equivalent concentration) were applied to classify the samples. The radon exhalation rate of the samples was measured, and the radon emanation coefficient was calculated. Significant correlation was found between the NORs and certain chemical components. The massic exhalation demonstrated a broad range, and it was found that the emanation coefficients were significantly lower in the case of the residues generated as a result of high-temperature combustion processes. The results showed that a weak correlation between the Ra-226 concentration and the radon exhalation. This emphasizes that managing the Ra-226 content of recycled material by itself is not sufficient to control the radon exhalation of recycled materials used in building products. The investigated parameters and their correlation behaviour could be used to source apportion materials found during the process of landfill mining and recovery of material for recycling.

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Measurement of NORM

Cited by 4 publications

References 52 publications

Radionuclide concentration and radon exhalation in new mix design of bricks produced reusing NORM by-products: The influence of mineralogy and texture

Radionuclide concentration and radon exhalation in new mix design of bricks produced reusing NORM by-products: The influence of mineralogy and texture

Radon Exhalation Rate: A Metrological Approach for Radiation Protection

Radiological characterisation of alkali-activated construction materials containing red mud, fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag

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