Measurement of Low Levels of Arsenic Exposure: A Comparison of Water and Toenail Concentrations

Karagas, Margaret R.; Tosteson, Tor D.; Blum, Joel D.; Klaue, Bjoern; Weiss, Julie E.; Stannard, Virginia; Spate, V. L.; Morris, J. Steven

doi:10.1093/aje/152.1.84

Cited by 161 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Participants were asked to clip all 10 toenails after bathing or showering, and record the date of clipping and time since their last clipping. After collection, samples were washed and digested following modified protocols (Das et al, 1995;Karagas et al, 2000). Toenails were analyzed for arsenic using ICP-MS, and toenail MDL for this set of samples was 0.043 mg/g (n ¼ 7).…”

Section: Collection and Analysis Of Toenail Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary arsenic species, toenail arsenic, and arsenic intake estimates in a Michigan population with low levels of arsenic in drinking water

Rivera‐Núñez

Meliker

Meeker

et al. 2011

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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The large disparity between arsenic concentrations in drinking water and urine remains unexplained. This study aims to evaluate predictors of urinary arsenic in a population exposed to low concentrations (r50 mg/l) of arsenic in drinking water. Urine and drinking water samples were collected from a subsample (n ¼ 343) of a population enrolled in a bladder cancer case-control study in southeastern Michigan. Total arsenic in water and arsenic species in urine were determined using ICP-MS: arsenobetaine (AsB), arsenite ( A separate analysis indicated that AsB and DMA [V] were significantly correlated with fish and shellfish consumption, which may suggest that seafood intake influences DMA[V] excretion. The Spearman correlation between arsenic concentration in toenails and SumAs was 0.36 and between arsenic concentration in toenails and arsenic concentration in water was 0.42. Results show that arsenic exposure from drinking water consumption is an important determinant of urinary arsenic concentrations, even in a population exposed to relatively low levels of arsenic in drinking water, and suggest that seafood intake may influence urinary DMA [V] concentrations.

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Section: Collection and Analysis Of Toenail Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary arsenic species, toenail arsenic, and arsenic intake estimates in a Michigan population with low levels of arsenic in drinking water

Rivera‐Núñez

Meliker

Meeker

et al. 2011

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Ammonium nitrate (> 99 %) and aqueous ammonia (Fisher, UK) were used in preparation of the mobile phase for anion exchange chromatography. 10 Toenail samples were washed thoroughly following a slightly modified version of the protocol described by Slotnick et al (2007) 8 , which is comparable to several published methods 5,6,37,38 . Visible exogenous material was firstly removed using plastic forceps and a clean quartz fragment.…”

Section: Reagents and Standardsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Toenail samples were washed thoroughly following a slightly modified version of the protocol described by Slotnick et al (2007) 8 , which is comparable to several published methods 5, 6,37,38 . Visible exogenous material was firstly removed using plastic forceps and a clean quartz fragment.…”

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confidence: 99%

Human toenails as a biomarker of exposure to elevated environmental arsenic

et al. 2009

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A pilot study was conducted to determine the applicability of toenails as a biomarker of exposure to elevated environmental arsenic (As) levels. A total of 17 individuals were recruited for the pilot study: 8 residents living near to a former As mine, Devon, UK, forming the exposed group, plus 9 10 residents from Nottinghamshire, UK, with no anticipated As exposure who were used for comparison as a control group. All toenail samples were thoroughly washed prior to analysis and the wash solutions retained for As determination via ICP-MS to provide an indication of the background environmental As levels for each group. Total As was determined in washed toenail samples via ICP-MS following microwave assisted acid digestion. Concentrations of total As in the 15 toenails of the exposed group were elevated, ranging from 858 to 25,981 µg kg -1 (geometric mean = 5406 µg kg -1 ), compared to the control group whose toenail As concentrations ranged from 73 to 273 µg kg -1 (geometric mean = 122 µg kg -1 ). Higher levels of exogenous As contamination were present on the toenails of the exposed group (geometric mean = 506 µg kg -1 ) compared to the control group (geometric mean = 4.0 µg kg -1 ) providing evidence of higher environmental As 20 levels in the exposed group. Total As concentrations in toenail samples were positively correlated to environmental As levels (r = 0.60, p <0.001). HPLC-ICP-MS analysis of aqueous toenail extracts revealed inorganic arsenite (As III ) to be the dominant species extracted (~ 83 %) with lesser amounts of inorganic arsenate (As V ) and organic dimethylarsinate (DMA V ) at ~ 13 % and ~ 8.5 % respectively. Arsenic speciation in analysed toenail extracts from the two groups was 25 comparable. The only notable difference between groups was the presence of small amounts (<1 %) of organic methylarsonate (MA V ) in two toenail samples from the exposed group. Toenails are presented as a viable biomarker of exposure at sites with elevated environmental As, such as the former mining sites found throughout Devon and Cornwall, UK. Introduction 30Arsenic is naturally occurring and ubiquitous in the environment. Humans are exposed to As via contaminated water, food, soil and dust 1 . Chronic exposure to As is associated with increases in lung, liver, bladder and kidney cancer, skin keratoses and peripheral vascular disease 2, 3 . 35 Biological markers (biomarkers) can be utilised to make quantitative estimates of exposure to harmful substances 4 and subsequent risk of disease. There is now increasing interest in the use of human nails as a routine biomarker of As exposure. On ingestion, soluble arsenic is adsorbed from the gastro- 40 intestinal tract and distributed to all bodily systems in the blood, accumulating in many body parts, in particular the keratin rich materials such as hair and nails 5 . Arsenic is thought to accumulate in hair and nails as a result of its affinity for sulphydryl groups 6 and remains isolated from the 45 body's metabolic processes both after nail formation and througho...

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“…21 The normal growth rate for toenails is 3-12 months, and there is evidence that toenail measures of arsenic are reproducible over a period of several years. 22,23 Pathology reports and paraffin-embedded tumor specimens were requested from the treating physician/pathology laboratories.…”

Section: Bladder Cancer Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

TP53 alterations and patterns of carcinogen exposure in a U.S. population‐based study of bladder cancer

Kelsey

Hirao

et al. 2005

Intl Journal of Cancer

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The molecular pathology of bladder cancer has been the subject of considerable interest, and current efforts are targeted toward elucidating the interrelationships between individual somatic gene loss and both etiologic and prognostic factors. Mutation of the TP53 gene has been associated with more invasive bladder cancer, and evidence suggests that TP53 mutation, independent of stage, may be predictive of outcome in this disease. However, there is no consensus in the literature that bladder carcinogen exposure is associated with inactivation of the TP53 gene. Work to date has been primarily hospital based and, as such, subject to possible bias associated with selection of more advanced cases for study. We examined exposure relationships with both TP53 gene mutation and TP53 protein alterations in a population-based study of 330 bladder cancer cases in New Hampshire. Tobacco smoking was not associated with TP53 alterations. We found a higher prevalence of TP53 inactivation (i.e., mutation and nuclear accumulation) among hair dye users (odd ratio [OR] 5 4.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-14.7), and the majority of these mutations were transversions. Men who had ''at risk'' occupations were more likely to have mutated TP53 tumors (OR 5 2.9; 95% CI 1.1-7.6). There also was a relative absence of TP53 mutation (OR 5 0.4; 95% CI 0.0-2.9) and TP53 protein alterations (OR 5 0.6; 95% CI 0.3-1.4) in bladder cancers from individuals with higher arsenic exposure. Our data suggest that there is exposure-specific heterogeneity in inactivation of the TP53 pathway in bladder cancers and that integration of the spectrum of pathway alterations in population-based approaches (capturing the full range of exposures to bladder carcinogens) may provide important insights into bladder tumorigenesis. ' 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Measurement of Low Levels of Arsenic Exposure: A Comparison of Water and Toenail Concentrations

Cited by 161 publications

References 18 publications

Urinary arsenic species, toenail arsenic, and arsenic intake estimates in a Michigan population with low levels of arsenic in drinking water

Urinary arsenic species, toenail arsenic, and arsenic intake estimates in a Michigan population with low levels of arsenic in drinking water

Human toenails as a biomarker of exposure to elevated environmental arsenic

TP53 alterations and patterns of carcinogen exposure in a U.S. population‐based study of bladder cancer

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