Measurement of K X-ray fluorescence cross-sections, fluorescence yields and intensity ratios for some elements in the atomic range 22⩽Z⩽68

K-shell fluorescence yields for elements with 6≤Z≤99

“…(iii) Hubbell et al (1994), table regrouping experimental data published in the period 1978-1993 (the table has 126 values) for elements with 11rZ r99. (iv) Own compilation, gathering the data published from 1994 to 2007 (Balakrishna et al, 1994;Apaydın and Tıras -oglu, 2006;Han et al, 2007;Solé et al, 1994;Yashoda et al, 2005;Ö zdemir et al, 2002) (about 99 new measurements) in which Balakrishna et al (1994) We have taken repeated publication in different compilations only once. So, we have at our disposal a huge database regrouping 370 values for K-shell fluorescence yields.…”

“…The K-shell fluorescence yield of an atom is defined as the probability that a vacancy in the K-shell is filled through a radiative transition. Several attempts have been made, in a tabular form, for measuring (Al-Nasr et al, 1987;Arora et al, 1981;Ahmad, 1979;Broyles et al, 1953;Bertrand et al, 1959;Bambynek et al, 1965;Brabets et al, 1959;Balakrishna et al, 1994;Brunner, 1987;Bhan et al, 1981;Famoux, 1985;Casnati et al, 1991;Chen et al, 1979;Drever and Moljk, 1957;Durak and Sahin, 1998;Erman and Sujkowski, 1961;Espenschied and Hoffmann, 1978;Egorov et al, 1989;Fairbrother et al, 1957;Forest and Easterda, 1959;Freedman et al, 1977;Frey et al, 1958;Garg et al, 1985;Godeau, 1961;Gray, 1956;Graham and Merritt, 1961;Apaydın and Tıras -oglu, 2006;Geidelman et al, 1988;Gurov et al, 1981;Harrison et al, 1955;Han et al, 2007;Heintze, 1955;Hagedoorn and Konijn, 1957;Hagedoorn and Wapstra, 1960;Hoffman and Dropesky, 1958;Hribar et al, 1977;Konstantinov et al, 1961;Kramer et al, 1962;Kramer, 1961;Konstantinov et al, 196...…”

“…We begin the present study by presenting, in a tabular form, a summary of the experimental data of fluorescence yields at our disposal, which were taken directly from different sources (Balakrishna et al, 1994;Apaydın and Tıras -oglu, 2006;Han et al, 2007;Solé et al, 1994;Yashoda et al, 2005;Ö zdemir et al, 2002;Bambynek et al, 1972;Fink et al, 1966;Hubbell et al, 1994). Then, empirical K-shell fluorescence yields are deduced from the fittings of the available experimental data using the quantity (o K /(1 À o K )) 1/q (where q¼3, 3.5 and 4) vs. Z.…”

Measurement of K fluorescence yields of niobium and rhodium using monochromatic radiation

“…Indeed, the rhodium target is thicker and significantly reduces the initial beam intensity. Thus, the transmitted intensity values measured by the photodiode [21,22] 0.713 --0.730 (20) --Callan [23] -0.754 -Kostroun [24] -0.759 -Walters et al [25] -0.7788 -Bambynek et al [26] --0.748 (32) Krause [27] --0.747 Arora et al [28] 0.738 (30) --Hubbell et al [29] --0.7512 Singh et al [20,32] [20] --0.724 Schönfeld et al [30] --0.751 (4) Durak et al [31] 0.734 (28) --Han et al [19] 0.747 (60) --Kahoul et al [32] --0.73993 [33] 0.801 --Stephenson [34] 0.77 --Roos [21,22] 0.779 --0.786 (15) --Callan [23] -0.812 -Kostroun [24] -0.820 -Walters et al [25] -0.8367 -Bambynek et al [26] --0.807 (31) Krause [27] --0.808 Chen et al [35] -0.808 -Hubbell [29] --0.8086 Singh et al [20,32] [20] --0.792 Schönfeld et al [30] --0.809 (4) Kahoul et al [32] --0.80205 are closer to the background noise value than niobium, which increases the uncertainty on rhodium measurements. Tables 1 and 2 show the experimental values for niobium and rhodium obtained in this work and the comparison them with other values, experimental, theoretical or semi-empirical.…”

Measurement of K/K x-ray intensity ratios and K to L shell total vacancy transfer probabilities for elements in the range 40 Z 50

“…The measured values of the K shell fluorescence yield K w for elements in the atomic range 40  Z  50 are compared with the theoretical values (Krause, 1979;Hubbell, 1989) and other experimental values (Han et al, 2007;Bennal et al, 2010) in Tables 3. As seen from …”