Measurement of Internal Boundaries in Three-Dimensional Structures By Random Sectioning

Smith, Cyril Stanley; Guttman, Lester

doi:10.1007/bf03397456

Cited by 164 publications

(116 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In order to avoid artifact at the surface, 3 μm guard zones were set, leaving the effective probing depth at 18 μm. We estimated dendritic length by applying the isotropic "space balls" probe (Mouton et al, 2002), where the number of dendritic intersections with the surface area of a virtual sphere in a known volume of tissue is proportional to the total length within that volume, following the formula of Smith and Guttman (1953). Using the fractionator approach (West et al, 1991), total length in the reference space was then calculated.…”

Section: Morphological Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Androgen-sensitivity of somata and dendrites of spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) motoneurons in male C57BL6J mice

Zuloaga

Morris

Monks

et al. 2007

Hormones and Behavior

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In rats, androgens in adulthood regulate the morphology of motoneurons in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB), including the size of their somata and the length of their dendrites. There are conflicting reports about whether androgens exert similar influences on SNB motoneurons in mice. We castrated or sham-operated C57BL6J mice at 90 days of age and, thirty days later, injected cholera toxin conjugated horseradish peroxidase into the bulbocavernosus muscle (to label SNB motoneurons) on one side, and into intrinsic foot muscles contralaterally (to label motoneurons of the retrodorsolateral nucleus (RDLN)). Castrated mice had significantly smaller SNB somas compared to sham operated mice while there were no differences in soma size of RDLN motoneurons. Dendritic length in C57BL6J mice, estimated in 3-dimensions, also decreased significantly after adult castration. In rats, androgens act directly through androgen receptors (AR) in SNB motoneurons to control soma size and nearly all their SNB motoneurons contain AR. Since SNB somata in C57BL6J mice shrank after adult castration, we used immunocytochemistry to characterize AR expression in SNB cells as well as motoneurons in the RDLN and dorsolateral nucleus (DLN). A pattern of labeling matched that seen previously in rats: the highest percentage of AR-immunoreactive motoneurons are in the SNB (98%), the lowest in the RDLN (25%), and an intermediate number in the DLN (78%). This pattern of AR labeling is consistent with the possibility that androgens also act directly on SNB motoneurons in mice to regulate soma size in mice.

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Section: Morphological Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Androgen-sensitivity of somata and dendrites of spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) motoneurons in male C57BL6J mice

Zuloaga

Morris

Monks

et al. 2007

Hormones and Behavior

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“…These estimates for membrane surface areas of the major compartments known to be involved in intracellular transport now provide a basis for estimating spike protein densities, which is dealt with in the accompanying paper (20). (24; in all levels) and a, /, and p are constants characterizing test systems (5,24) . Subscript I to constants a, 1, and p indicates test system D64, coarse lattice, total number of test points per micrograph is 64; subscript 2 to constants a, l, p indicates test system D64, fine lattice for points on ER and Golgi ; total number of test points 1024; Subscript 3 to constants a, l, p indicates test system C64, the fine lattice of lines was used ; total number of test points 576 ; S and V, surface and volume, respectively.…”

Section: Cpiffiths Et Al Surface Areas In Baby Hamster Kidney Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Density of newly synthesized plasma membrane proteins in intracellular membranes. I. Stereological studies.

Griffiths¹,

Warren²,

Quinn³

et al. 1984

The Journal of Cell Biology

114

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As the spike proteins of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) pass from their site of synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cell surface, they must be concentrated and freed from endogenous proteins . To determine the magnitude of this sorting process we have measured the density of spike proteins in membranes of the intracellular transport pathway . In this first paper, using stereological procedures, we have estimated the surface areas of the ER, Golgi complex, and plasma membrane of infected and mock-infected baby hamster kidney cells. First, we estimated the mean cell volume in absolute units . This was done using a novel in situ method which is described in detail. Infection by SFV was found to have no effect on any of the parameters measured . In the accompanying paper (Quinn, P., G. Griffiths, and G. Warren, 1984, /. Cell Biol ., 2142-2147 these Stereological estimates were combined with biochemical estimates of the amount of spike proteins in ER, Golgi complex, and plasma membrane to determine the density in the membranes of these compartments .Most, if not all, of the spanning membrane proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)', Golgi complex, lysosomes, and plasma membrane originate from the same compartment, the rough ER (7,17,21). The mechanisms by which these membrane proteins, all inserted co-translationally into the rough ER membrane, become concentrated and sorted faithfully to their correct target organelles are far from understood. At present this sorting or selection process can only be described in qualitative terms. One can for example conclude that the concentration of plasma membrane protein precursors in ER and Golgi complex is far lower than it is in the plasma membrane itself, but the available data is just not sufficient to express these concentrations in quantitative terms (13, 15) .As a model for the biogenesis ofplasma membrane proteins, we have used the spike glycoproteins of Semliki Forest virus (SFV) . After viral infection, the cellular machinery for protein synthesis and intracellular transport is entirely devoted to the making and transporting of large quantities of a few specific viral proteins, making both biochemical and morphological studies relatively easy. In a previous study we have followed the pathway and kinetics of intracellular transport of the two ' Abbreviations used in this paper: BHK, baby hamster kidney ; ER, endoplasmic reticulum ; SFV, Semliki Forest virus.THE JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY " VOLUME 98 JUNE 1984 2133-2141 0 The Rockefeller University Press -0021-9525/84/06/2133/09 $1 .00 membrane-spanning glycoproteins (E1 and p62) of this virus in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells by a combination of biochemical and immunocytochemical techniques (8)(9)(10)19) . Our results showed that the viral membrane proteins move sequentially from the rough ER through the stacks of Golgi cisternae to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, the immunocytochemical data indicated that the viral membrane proteins were found uniformly throughout the rough ER and Golgi membrane...

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“…A well known relationship exists between the average boundary intercept, , and the boundary area (S v ) per unit volume of metal, 14 i.e., The results shown in Table 6 suggest that the majority of the boundaries determined by OIM, and included in the boundary intercept measurements, are twin related boundaries, i.e., CSL -3 n types.…”

Section: Stage I-dislocation Source Activationmentioning

confidence: 93%

Equal Channel Angular Extrusion Progress Report for March 1998 - May 1999

Macheret¹,

Watkins²,

Korth³

et al. 1999

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Pure copper and Alloy 5083 aluminum were processed by equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE); their microstructural evolution and corresponding mechanical properties were investigated. Work also began on the possible use of ECAE to synthesize advanced materials or to consolidate metal powders or powder mixtures.The die tooling used for ECAE is described and selected microstructural and mechanical property results for ECAE-processed copper and cold-rolled (conventionally-processed) copper in the as-processed and annealed condition are compared. Results thus far show that the "pure" metal is prone to low temperature recrystallization after large strain hardening-more beneficial effects are expected in the dispersion-strengthened and precipitation-hardening alloys. The large range of tensile properties and grain sizes from the copper allowed a flow stress analysis to be performed. From this analysis, a new model for flow stress behavior is proposed.An evaluation of ECAE processing of material for spot welding electrodes began. Results to date include electrodes of ECAE-processed commercially pure copper (Alloy 101). Future work involving Glidcop® (Al 2 O 3 oxide dispersionstrengthened copper) and CuCrZr (Cr-Zr precipitation dispersion) materials will be required to fully investigate the benefits of ECAE for electrode life extension.Initial work on Aluminum Alloy 5083 showed that ECAE led to grain refinement as well as broke up and more uniformly dispersed the hardening precipitates. This is desirable for enhancing superplastic behavior.Study of ECAE for consolidating metal powder began. Early results with a Cu-Ag powder indicate that near 100% density was achieved with roomtemperature consolidation. iv SUMMARYThis program is evaluating the potential of a novel metals processing technique called equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) for developing advanced industrial materials for the transportation industry. The program is a collaborative effort among three national laboratories, the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The program began in March 1998; this report describes progress through May 1999.INEEL is performing ECAE on a variety of materials and investigating their microstructural evolution and mechanical properties. Pure copper was chosen for the initial stage of the investigation because the extensive data on the microstructure and properties of copper in the literature allow a thorough comparative study of ECAE vs. conventional processing. Also, dispersionstrengthened copper alloys are widely used in industry. In particular, these alloys are used in the transportation industry for manufacturing spot welding electrodes. Evaluation of ECAE of copper and its alloys could, therefore, lead to developing improved materials for important industrial applications.PNNL is investigating the effect of ECAE on the grain size of aluminum Alloy 5083. It is hypothesized that ECAE will refine the ...

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Measurement of Internal Boundaries in Three-Dimensional Structures By Random Sectioning

Cited by 164 publications

References 2 publications

Androgen-sensitivity of somata and dendrites of spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) motoneurons in male C57BL6J mice

Androgen-sensitivity of somata and dendrites of spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) motoneurons in male C57BL6J mice

Density of newly synthesized plasma membrane proteins in intracellular membranes. I. Stereological studies.

Equal Channel Angular Extrusion Progress Report for March 1998 - May 1999

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