“…Recently, some microfluidic electrochemical biosensors were reported for biochemical analysis, which offered shorter detection time, less sample and reagent consumption, automatic operation, and less cross-contamination ( Li et al., 2018 , Nguyen et al., 2018 , Singh et al., 2018 , Soares et al., 2018 , Wang et al., 2018 ). In these microfluidic biosensors, the biological recognition elements were generally immobilized on the surface of the electrodes ( Pursey et al., 2017 , Singh et al., 2017 , Weng et al., 2017 , Ghrera et al., 2018 ), which could capture the targets or enhance the signals resulting in more impedance changes on the electrode–solution interface. However, their reproducibility was often unsatisfied due to the complicated electrode modification procedures, and the binding efficiency was often relatively low due to solid-liquid phase reaction, which limited their practical applications.…”