Measurement of Human Cerebral Blood Flow with [<sup>15</sup>O]Butanol and Positron Emission Tomography

Berridge, Marc S.; Adler, Lee P.; Nelson, A.D.; Cassidy, Emily H.; Muzic, Raymond F.; Bednarczyk, Edward M.; Miraldi, Floro

doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1991.127

Cited by 69 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Any remaining discrepancies may be explained by methodological limitations. PET studies with H 2 O 15 are prone to underestimate flow in regions with high flow both because of the limited permeability of water through the microvasculature (Berridge et al, 1991) and because of limited spatial resolution (Iida et al, 2000). Though ASL also uses water as a tracer, it is much less affected by water permeability because of the timescales of imaging and tracer decay (Buxton et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hippocampal hyperperfusion in Alzheimer's disease

et al. 2008

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Many of the regions with the earliest atrophy in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) do not show prominent deficits on functional imaging studies of flow or metabolism. This paradox may provide unique insights into the pathophysiology of AD. We sought to examine the relationship between function and atrophy in AD using MRI blood flow and anatomic imaging. 22 subjects diagnosed with AD, mean Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) score 22.2, and 16 healthy elderly controls were imaged with a volumetric arterial spin labeling blood flow MRI technique and an anatomical imaging method using the identical spatial resolution, image orientation, and spatial encoding strategy. Cerebral blood flow(CBF) and gray matter (GM) maps derived from the imaging were transformed to a standard anatomical space. GM and CBF maps were tested for significant differences between groups. Additionally, images were tested for regions with significant mismatch of the CBF and GM differences between groups. CBF was significantly lower in the bilateral precuneus, parietal association cortex and the left inferior temporal lobe but was non-significantly increased in the hippocampus and other medial temporal structures. After correction for GM loss, CBF was significantly elevated in the hippocampus and other medial temporal structures. The hippocampus and other regions affected early in AD are characterized by elevated atrophy-corrected perfusion per cc of tissue. This suggests compensatory or pathological elevation of neural activity, inflammation, or elevated production of vasodilators.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hippocampal hyperperfusion in Alzheimer's disease

et al. 2008

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“…High-resolution functional images (full width at half maximum, 4.5 mm) were obtained by using an 8-ring (15 slice) PET camera (PC2048-15B), which has an interslice interval of 6.7 mm (12). The freely diffusible tracer [15O]butanol (13) was used in preference to H2150. Anatomical standardization and accurate functional localization was obtained by coregistration with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-defined anatomy by using a computerized brain atlas program (14,15), which corrects interindividual differences in brain shape and size by both linear and nonlinear parameters in order to reformat all individual images into standard atlas anatomy.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positron-emission tomography studies of cross-modality inhibition in selective attentional tasks: closing the "mind's eye".

Kawashima

O’Sullivan

Roland

1995

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

200

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It is a familiar experience that we tend to close our eyes or divert our gaze when concentrating attention on cognitively demanding tasks. We report on the brain activity correlates of directing attention away from potentially competing visual processing and toward processing in another sensory modality. Results are reported from a series of positron-emission tomography studies of the human brain engaged in somatosensory tasks, in both "eyes open" and "eyes closed" conditions. During these tasks, there was a significant decrease in the regional cerebral blood flow in the visual cortex, which occurred irrespective ofwhether subjects had to close their eyes or were instructed to keep their eyes open. These task-related deactivations of the association areas belonging to the nonrelevant sensory modality were interpreted as being due to decreased metabolic activity. Previous research has clearly demonstrated selective activation of cortical regions involved in attention-demanding modalityspecific tasks; however, the other side of this story appears to be one of selective deactivation of unattended areas.Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) changes in the human brain have now been extensively studied by positron-emission tomography (PET) methods (1). Regional changes in rCBF are monotonically related to regional changes in cerebral metabolic rate, in particular the metabolic demands of maintaining the transmembrane ionic gradients of active neurons (1-4). Brain structures that actively participate in the performance of specific cognitive tasks can be identified as discrete regions of increase in rCBF. During specific cognitive tasks, our attention is selectively focused on the relevant sensory modality or submodality from which information is necessary to successfully perform the task. In behavioral terms, stimuli within the focus of attention are generally discriminated more quickly and accurately, are registered more vividly in awareness and memory, and exert greater control over behavior than do unattended stimuli (5, 6). In physiological terms, selective attention is described as changes in the excitability of cortical neurons that are limited to, or focused on, a specific sensory modality or submodality (1, 7). Increases in rCBF associated with these changes in synaptic metabolic activity can then be identified in modality-specific tasks (8, 9). Behavioral models of selective attention generally accept the notion that attention has a limited capacity, which must be flexibly distributed among competing processes (5). The question arises, therefore, what is happening neurobiologically to cortical areas of another sensory modality which is not being attended during the performance of a task? In particular, is there evidence of inhibition or deactivation in these regions which are not being attended during the performance of a cognitive task?To answer this question, we performed two PET studies in nine normal volunteers while they were engaged in somatosensory tasks [roughness discrimination (10) and tactile ...

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“…The PET scanning (15 transaxial slices at a distance of 6.5 mm) was made by a Scanditronix (Uppsala) PC2048-15B positron emission tomograph having a 4.5-mm in-plane spatial resolution (24,25). 1-[150]Butanol, a freely diffusible flow tracer, was used to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) (26). During the experiments EEG, electrooculogram, electromyogram (right thumb movement), and arterial radiotracer concentrations were continuously monitored and the arterial 02 and CO2 levels were measured repetitively, whereas the response performance levels were calculated off-line.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Binocular disparity discrimination in human cerebralcortex: functional anatomy by positron emission tomography.

Gulyás

Roland

1994

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Neurobiological studies in higher primates indicate that the processing of stereoscopic information takes place at early levels in the visual cortex. To map the anatomical structures in the human brain participating in pure stereopsis based upon binocular disparity, we measured with positron emission tomography the changes in regional cerebral blood flow as an indicator of metabolic activity in 10 healthy young men during visual discrimination of binocular disparity. The data demonstrate that the discrimination of pure stereoptic disparity information takes place in the polar striate cortex and the neighboring peristriate cortices, as well as in the parietal lobe, the prefrontal cortex, and the cerebellum. The discrimination of stereoscopic depth is dependent on a network composed of multiple functional fields localized in occipital-and parietal-lobe visual areas as well as in the dorsolateral and mesial prefrontal cortex. The findings support the importance of coactivated occipitoparietal visual areas in the processing and analysis of binocular depth information in humans.Psychophysical studies in humans (1-3) have indicated that the various submodalities of visual perception may be processed and analyzed in the visual system by different "functional processing streams," which are, as in other higher primates (4-6), related to anatomically separable subdivisions ofthe visual pathways. Among others, stereopsis based on binocular disparity is a fundamental visual submodality (7)(8)(9)(10). Single-cell studies in the macaque monkey (11)(12)(13)(14) have revealed that many neurons in the striate cortex and in the peristriate cortices respond to binocular disparity stimulation. Nevertheless, the localization and extent of areas subserving stereoscopic vision at the levels of neuronal populations in primates, including humans, have not yet been revealed.Recently, positron emission tomography (PET) has been instrumental in demonstrating that, indeed, different modality-specific visual cortical areas in the human brain are involved in the early analysis of color, form, and motion information (15)(16)(17)(18)(19). By using PET with an experimental paradigm related to the detection of horizontal disparity, here we show those areas in the human brain which are specifically engaged in pure binocular disparity detection. METHODS Subjects. Ten healthy male volunteers [mean age; 32.6 + 11.9 (SD) years] participated in the present study. The subjects were fully informed about the objectives, details, and risks of the experiment, and they have given a written consent, in agreement with the Helsinki Declaration and the OPRR Reports (20). They denied any neurological, psychological, and ophthalmologic history. Eight of them were emmetropes, and two had corrected-to-zero vision. The study was approved by the Ethical, Radiation Safety, and Magnetic Resonance Committees ofthe Karolinska Hospital.Stimulus Design. The stimulus paradigms were designed with the following requirements in mind: Ci) in each task identical stimulus ...

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Measurement of Human Cerebral Blood Flow with [¹⁵O]Butanol and Positron Emission Tomography

Cited by 69 publications

References 21 publications

Hippocampal hyperperfusion in Alzheimer's disease

Hippocampal hyperperfusion in Alzheimer's disease

Positron-emission tomography studies of cross-modality inhibition in selective attentional tasks: closing the "mind's eye".

Binocular disparity discrimination in human cerebralcortex: functional anatomy by positron emission tomography.

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Measurement of Human Cerebral Blood Flow with [15O]Butanol and Positron Emission Tomography

Cited by 69 publications

References 21 publications

Hippocampal hyperperfusion in Alzheimer's disease

Hippocampal hyperperfusion in Alzheimer's disease

Positron-emission tomography studies of cross-modality inhibition in selective attentional tasks: closing the "mind's eye".

Binocular disparity discrimination in human cerebralcortex: functional anatomy by positron emission tomography.

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Measurement of Human Cerebral Blood Flow with [¹⁵O]Butanol and Positron Emission Tomography