Measurement of fasting and postprandial plasma VIP in man.

Mitchell, Sandy; Bloom, S.R.

doi:10.1136/gut.19.11.1043

Cited by 195 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The tubes were then centrifuged at + 4°C as soon as possible and the plasma sequestered at -20 'C. VIP, SP and CGRP were measured by radioimmunoassays as previously described (Mitchell & Bloom, 1978;Bloom & Long, 1982;Bloom, Edwards & Jones, 1989). Peptide output was estimated from the submandibular arterio-venous difference in concentration and plasma flow, and expressed in fmol min-' (g gland)-'.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atropine‐resistant submandibular responses to stimulation of the parasympathetic innervation in the anaesthetized ferret.

Tobin

Ekström

Bloom

et al. 1991

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Submandibular salivary and vascular responses to stimulation of the peripheral end of the chorda-lingual nerve at 20 Hz continuously for 60 min were investigated in anaesthetized ferrets, in which the sympathetic innervation to the gland was cut, in the presence and absence of atropine (2-0 mg kg-l).2. Both the increase in submandibular salivary flow and protein output, which occurred in response to nerve stimulation, were substantially reduced following the administration of atropine, the latency was greatly increased thereby, and both responses were more transient but neither was abolished by atropine. The fall in submandibular vascular resistance was not significantly affected by atropine, either in respect of extent or duration.3. Chorda-lingual stimulation produced an increase in the output of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the submandibular venous effluent blood. Each of these responses was maximal within the first 10 min after the onset of stimulation and declined thereafter. The time-scales of both the CGRP and SP responses were similar to those of the atropine-resistant secretory responses, both being quite short-lived, whereas the output of VIP (like the atropine-resistant vascular response) was significantly greater than the basal value throughout the whole of the 60 min period of stimulation.4. The CGRP response was completely abolished by pre-treatment with atropine, whereas the outputs of both VIP and SP were significantly enhanced thereby. Both the submandibular vascular and secretory responses to chorda-lingual stimulation were almost completely suppressed following the administration of hexamethonium, and there was then no detectable release of peptidergic agonists from the gland. G. TOBIN AND OTHERS 6. Following pre-treatment with hexamethonium, i.v. bolus injections of methacholine, SP and CGRP elicited increases in submandibular blood flow and secretion of saliva. VIP caused an increase in blood flow without overt secretion, although it is known to increase secretion of protein and to potentiate the secretory response to SP. Taken together, all these results are consistent with the contention that VIP contributes to the vasodilator response to stimulation of the parasympathetic innervation in this gland and that both SP and CGRP are likely to contribute to the secretory response.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atropine‐resistant submandibular responses to stimulation of the parasympathetic innervation in the anaesthetized ferret.

Tobin

Ekström

Bloom

et al. 1991

The Journal of Physiology

Self Cite

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“…Perfusates were collected in tubes containing aprotinin (2000 KIU (ml perfusate)-1). An aliquot (0-2 ml) of the perfusate was immediately taken for catecholamine estimation and the remaining perfusate was lyophilized and subsequently reconstituted in phosphate buffer for estimation of VIP concentration by radioimmunoassay (Mitchell & Bloom, 1978). Briefly, the antiserum (kindly donated by Professor S. R. Bloom) was raised in a New Zealand White rabbit against natural porcine VIP.…”

Section: Analysis Of Vipmentioning

confidence: 99%

The peptide VIP is a neurotransmitter in rat adrenal medulla: physiological role in controlling catecholamine secretion.

Wakade

Blank

Malhotra

et al. 1991

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. The perfused adrenal gland of the rat was used to establish the identity of a non-cholinergic substance involved in splanchnic nerve-mediated secretion of catecholamines.2. The perfused adrenal medulla was rich in vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) content (28 pmol g-1 of wet tissue). VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibres were present in the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex.3. Field stimulation (10 Hz for 15 min plus 1 Hz for 15 min) caused a large increase in the output of VIP in the perfusate over the spontaneous release of VIP.

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“…The VIP antiserum was used at a final dilution of 1 : 320,000 with reaction to the whole peptide molecule. Under these conditions the assay had a detection limit of 0.4 fmol/assay tube [32]. The VIP levels were calculated as pmol/g and pmol/organ due to the altered weight of the eyes and/or bladder in the diabetic and prediabetic animals.…”

Section: Radioimmunoassay Of Vipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Radioactive VIP label was prepared by chloramine T oxidation [32], followed by high resolution ion exchange chromatography for purification of the monoiodinated VIE The resulting 12sI-VIP label had asp. act.…”

Section: Radioimmunoassay Of Vipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The VIP antisera for radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry were raised in New Zealand white rabbits against natural porcine VIP coupled to bovine serum albumin by the carbodiimide method [32]. The antisera reacted with C-terminal synthetic VIP fragments (but not N-terminal fragments) and showed no cross-reactivity with secretin, glucagon, peptide histidine isoleucine, or gastric inhibitory peptide which are structurally related to VIP or with any of the neuropeptides known to be present in the studied tissues.…”

Section: Vip Antiseramentioning

confidence: 99%

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Elevated levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the eye and urinary bladder of diabetic and prediabetic Chinese hamsters

et al. 1985

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Summary. The eyes and urinary bladder of non-diabetic, prediabetic and diabetic Chinese hamsters were evaluated by radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry to determine the content and distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The average concentration of VIP was increased in the eyes of all diabetic (pmol/g = 68%, pmol/organ = 50%) and prediabetic (pmol/g=152%, pmol/organ=115%) hamsters compared with age-matched non-diabetic animals. Immunocytochemistry showed that the elevation of VIP was primarily related to greater intensity of fluorescence of the nerve fibres in the vasculature of the choroid. The average content of VIP in the urinary bladder was greater in diabetic animals only on the basis of pmol/organ (135%) and in prediabetics on the basis of pmol/g (87%) compared with non-diabetic animals. Qualitative immunocytochemistry suggested that the elevated level of VIP was related to a larger distribution of nerve fibres in the urinary bladder of diabetic hamsters. The high level of VIP in the eyes and urinary bladder of diabetic and prediabetic hamsters is an interesting observation which should receive further study to determine whether it is an aetiological agent underlying the pathogenesis of ophthalmic complications and neurogenic bladder or the result of some pathological process which affects these organs.Key words: VIP, radioimmunoassay, immunocytochemistry, eyes, urinary bladder, prediabetes, diabetic Chinese hamsters.Complications of the eye and urinary bladder have been documented in patients with diabetes mellitus and most animal models of this disease. With respect to the eye, lesions have been adequately described in the retina [1][2][3][4][5]. Although the specific type of lesion varies among animals and man, the vasculature of the eye is always adversely affected [5]. Several investigations have demonstrated that distension [6-9] and hypertrophy [10] concomitant with urine retention are characteristic of the urinary bladder of diabetic man and animals. Urinary bladder dysfunction is believed to be a product of diabetic autonomic neuropathy [11,12] which promotes impairment of detrusor muscle function [8,13]. Although it has recently been disputed [9], a reduction in cholinergic innervation [7,14] has been proposed as a possible mechanism which elicits bladder dysfunction. Despite intensive research, the primary aetiological agent(s) underlying the derangements in the eye and urinary bladder of diabetic man and animals remain under investigation.Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been shown to be present in high quantities in the eye [15][16][17][18][19] and urogenital tract [20][21][22][23] of several species, including man. Due to its potent vasodilator activity [24] and its possible involvement in regulation of relaxation [25][26][27] and contraction [28] of the urogenital tract, it was of interest to determine whether concentration and/or distribution of this peptide are altered in the eye and urinary bladder of a suitable diabetic animal model. Since the spontaneously diabe...

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Measurement of fasting and postprandial plasma VIP in man.

Cited by 195 publications

References 13 publications

Atropine‐resistant submandibular responses to stimulation of the parasympathetic innervation in the anaesthetized ferret.

Atropine‐resistant submandibular responses to stimulation of the parasympathetic innervation in the anaesthetized ferret.

The peptide VIP is a neurotransmitter in rat adrenal medulla: physiological role in controlling catecholamine secretion.

Elevated levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide in the eye and urinary bladder of diabetic and prediabetic Chinese hamsters

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