Measurement of energy expenditure in the grazing ruminant

Whitelaw, F. G.

doi:10.1079/pns19740030

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The energy expenditure of locomotion contributes significantly to the energy requirement of animals in free-living conditions and must be included for accurate evaluation of the energy needs of the grazing animal. Past attempts to measure the energy expenditure of the animal at pasture have been reviewed by Whitelaw (1974) and Brockway (1978). In the main, data have been derived either from estimates of feed intake for constant live weight or by direct measurements on range.…”

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The energy costs of walking on the level and on negative and positive slopes in the Granadina goat (Capra hircus)

1997

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The energy expenditure of six goats averaging 35 (SE 0-3) kg was measured when the animals were standing or walking on a treadmill enclosed in a confinement-type respiration chamber at different speeds (0167, 0-333 and 0-500 m/s) and slopes ( -10, -5, 0, + 5 and +10 %). The energy costs of locomotion, estimated from the coefficients of linear regressions of heat production (HP) per kg body weight v. distance travelled were 1-91, 2-33,3-35,4-68 and 6-44 J/kg BW per m for -10, -5, 0, + 5 and +10 % inclines respectively, indicating that the energy expenditure of walking over standing changes with slope according to a slightly curvilinear relationship. The energy cost of raising 1 kg body weight one vertical metre was found to be 31-7 J, giving an average efficiency for upslope locomotion of 30-9 %. The energy recovered on vertical descent was estimated as 13-2 J/kg per m, indicating an efficiency of the energy recovered above the theoretical maximum. Goat: Locomotion: Energy costThe energy expenditure of locomotion contributes significantly to the energy requirement of animals in free-living conditions and must be included for accurate evaluation of the energy needs of the grazing animal. Past attempts to measure the energy expenditure of the animal at pasture have been reviewed by Whitelaw (1974) andBrockway (1978). In the main, data have been derived either from estimates of feed intake for constant live weight or by direct measurements on range. The usual and more reliable procedure for estimating free-living energy expenditure is the factorial method, whereby energy expenditure is calculated from calorimetric determination of the energy cost of various activities. Most of the increase in energy expenditure of physical activity results from grazing and locomotion costs, whereas the contribution of other activities is usually considered to be negligible. Although the energy cost of locomotion is relatively well defined in cattle (Ribeiro et al. 1977;Shibata et al. 1981;Lawrence & Stibbards, 1990), sheep (Clapperton, 1964;Farrell et al. 1972;Brockway & Boyne, 1980), equines (Yousef et al. 1972;Dijkman, 1992) and wild ungulates (Taylor et al. 1974;Brockway & Gessaman, 1977;Cohen et al. 1978;White & Yousef, 1978;Parker et al. 1984;Fancy & White, 1985;Dailey & Hobbs, 1989), no systematic studies, with the exception of the survey of Taylor et al. (1974), have been made with domestic goats. Published data suggest that there are interspecies differences in locomotory efficiency as a result of morphological, physiological and behavioural adaptations. Consequently, extrapolation of values derived from ruminant species other than the goat need further validation. While most of the studies have examined the energy cost of locomotion on the level, few studies have investigated the efficiencies associated with vertical ascent or descent. The present study was undertaken with the aim of determining the energy cost of *For reprints.

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The energy costs of walking on the level and on negative and positive slopes in the Granadina goat (Capra hircus)

1997

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“…Research on energy metabolism of grazing cattle under different nutritional conditions is considerably restricted because none of the available methodologies is entirely satisfactory to study cattle in grazing conditions (Whitelaw, 1974;White, 1993). It appears that the 14 C-entry rate technique is one of the most acceptable techniques for this kind of research (Whitelaw, 1974).…”

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Ruminal ammonia concentration and energy expenditure of cattle estimated by the carbon dioxide entry rate technique

1998

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Five ruminallyfistulatedAngus steers (360 (s.e. 15·4) kg) were givenfood to maintain body weight constant: maize silage (TO) at 0·6 kg dry matter (DM) per 100 kg body weight twice a day. After a 15-day adaptation period they were infused continuously (I) for 96 h, with a solution of NaH14CO3 at a rate of 7 to 8 micro Curies (μCi) per h. On the last 2 days of infusion 30 g (Tl) and 60 g (T2) urea, respectively, were placed in the rumen at the end of the morning meal. Spot samples of urine (250 ml) were taken before and 5 h after the morning meal and after at least 24 h of infusion. Thereafter, animals continued with TO for one additional week, in which they were prepared with catheters inserted in salivary ducts and infused for 48 h, as previously described. Eighteen pairs of spot samples of urine and saliva were takenfrom three of thefive steers (369 (s.e. 20·7) kg), over a period of 5 h, after at least 24 h infusion (six per animal). Rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) production was estimated as the ratio USA (specific activity of CO2)from which energy expenditure was calculated (22 kj/l CO2). Silage composition, in situ degradability and ruminal ammonia and pH were measured. In situ degradability in thefirst 6 h was 200 g/kg and ruminal ammonia was in the range of 20·6 to 39·6 mg/l. Ammonia increased rapidly to 394·2 (T1) and 673·9 mg/l (T2) 1 h after addition of urea into the rumen but in 6 h in situ degradability was unchanged. Ruminal ammonia decreased linearly at rates (mgll per h) of89·3 in Tl (R2 = 0·57, s.d. = 21·5) and 151·6 in T2 (R2 = 0·81, s.d. = 23·3). Animal energy expenditure rates were not affected (P > 0·05) by treatment (TO = 15·6, Tl = 15·6 and T2 = 15·8 kj/h per M075). There was no difference (P > 0·05) in CO2 production rate (mllh per kg M0·75) determined from the SA of CO2 from urine (604) or saliva (630) samples. It was concluded that the energy cost associated with detoxification of the excess of ruminal ammonia was of minor importance in terms of total animal energy expenditure and that estimations ofC02 ratesfromsamples ofurine or saliva are comparable.

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“…There have been several attemps to measure energy expenditure of grazing animals (Osuji 1974, Whitelaw 1974, Brockway 1978and Prieto et al 1992. Data on the energy requirements of grazing animals have been derived from estimates of feed intakes for constant liveweight (Wallace 1955, Reid 1958, Corbett et al 1961, Coop and Hill 1962, Hutton 1962 Reardon Table 1.…”

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Seasonal Variation of Locomotion and Energy Expenditure in Goats under Range Grazing Conditions

Lachica¹,

Barroso²,

Prieto³

1997

Journal of Range Management

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seasonal variation in grazing activities. Energy cost of various activities can be used in conjunction with diit field observations to estimate energy expended in the daily activities of free-ranging animals. The objective of this study was to estimate the energy expenditure due to locomotion of goats on open range. The study was carried out at the 130-ha "Los Pajares" pilot zone, located in the Filabres mountain-range, Almeria. Average elevation is 865 m above sea level. The area has a Mediterranean climate. The mean annual precipitation is 324 mm. The average daily temperatures range from 8.9oC in January to 23.0°C in August. The landscape is characterized by woody plants and perennial grasses. The experimental flock was grazed on its customary routes for 2 days during 4 seasons. The goats were released to graxe during the day and then returned to an enclosed shed. Diit observation was used to simulate the total distance walked, the vertical ascent or descent, and to quantify other grazing activities. The energy expenditure of locomotion was calculated from the horizontal and vertical components of travel and the corresponding costs, which had been previously obtained by calorimetry. Daily travel distances by goats on range fluctuated from 5,763 m in summer to 3,482 m in autumn, with an annual average of 4,295 m, which represents a mean speed of 10.8 m/min. The mean annual vertical ascent or descent was 168 m. Estimated heat production due to locomotion ranged from 56.9 to 34.8 kJ/kg'." per day in summer and autumn respectively. These values account for an increased energy requirement at pasture above maintenance of 14.2 and 8.7 % , respectively.

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Measurement of energy expenditure in the grazing ruminant

Cited by 14 publications

References 28 publications

The energy costs of walking on the level and on negative and positive slopes in the Granadina goat (Capra hircus)

The energy costs of walking on the level and on negative and positive slopes in the Granadina goat (Capra hircus)

Ruminal ammonia concentration and energy expenditure of cattle estimated by the carbon dioxide entry rate technique

Seasonal Variation of Locomotion and Energy Expenditure in Goats under Range Grazing Conditions

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