Measurement of Emissions from Air Pollution Sources. 2. C₁ through C₃₀ Organic Compounds from Medium Duty Diesel Trucks

Abstract

Gas-and particle-phase tailpipe emissions from latemodel medium duty diesel trucks are quantified using a twostage dilution source sampling system. The diesel trucks are driven through the hot-start Federal Test Procedure (FTP) urban driving cycle on a transient chassis dynamometer. Emission rates of 52 gas-phase volatile hydrocarbons, 67 semivolatile and 28 particle-phase organic compounds, and 26 carbonyls are quantified along with fine particle mass and chemical composition. When all C 1 -C 13 carbonyls are combined, they account for 60% of the gas-phase organic compound mass emissions. Fine particulate matter emission rates and chemical composition are quantified simultaneously by two methods: a denuder/filter/PUF sampler and a traditional filter sampler. Both sampling techniques yield the same elemental carbon emission rate of 56 mg km -1 driven, but the particulate organic carbon emission rate determined by the denuder-based sampling technique is found to be 35% lower than the organic carbon mass collected by the traditional filter-based sampling technique due to a positive vapor-phase sorption artifact that affects the traditional filter sampling technique. The distribution of organic compounds in the diesel fuel used in this study is compared to the distribution of these compounds in the vehicle exhaust. Significant enrichment in the ratio of unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to their methyl-and dimethyl-substituted homologues is observed in the tailpipe emissions relative to the fuel. Isoprenoids and tricyclic terpanes are quantified in the semivolatile organics emitted from diesel vehicles. When used in conjunction with data on the hopanes, steranes, and elemental carbon emitted, the isoprenoids and the tricyclic terpanes may help trace the presence of diesel exhaust in atmospheric samples.

Budget of organic carbon in a polluted atmosphere: Results from the New England Air Quality Study in 2002

“…f Gasoline-powered motor vehicles [Schauer et al, 2002a]. g Medium duty diesel trucks [Schauer et al, 1999]. [Karl et al, 2003].…”

“…[48] The primary anthropogenic POM emission ratio from the fit can be directly compared to the emission ratios obtained from tunnel studies [Kirchstetter et al, 1999] as well as from dynamometer studies of diesel and gasoline fueled vehicles [Schauer et al, 1999[Schauer et al, , 2002a. From the work of Kirchstetter et al [1999] and a C 2 H 2 /CO emission ratio of 4.94 pptv ppbv À1 , we estimate the POM emission ratio to be 0.43 mg m À3 [ppbv C 2 H 2 ] À1 , which is clearly lower than the ratio of 1.9 ± 1.0 mg m À3 [ppbv C 2 H 2 ] À1 determined from the NEAQS data set.…”

Evaluation of elemental carbon as a marker for diesel particulate matter

“…Currently, only limited measurements of ECOC for diesel engine emissions exist that utilize the NIOSH and IM-PROVE ECOC measurement techniques. A sample of these measurements, which are shown in Table 3, shows that under standardized driving cycle conditions; the EC to TC ratio of diesel particulate matter is in the range of 0.50-0.80 (Hildemann et al, 1991;Lowenthal et al, 1994;Watson et al, 1998;Cadle et al, 1999;Schauer et al, 1999b). Reported measurements of this nature are not sufficient to elucidate the effect of driving cycle, engine type, engine age, and engine fuel on this ratio but they can be expected to be important factors.…”

Characterisation of solvent extractable organic constituents in atmospheric particulate matter: an overview

“…The knowledge gained through testing experimental procedures began to be applied to the detailed characterisation of aerosols emitted by specific sources or activities, such as volcanic eruptions (Pereira et al 1982), meat cooking operations , Kleeman et al 1999, Rogge et al 1991, Schauer et al 1999a, road dust and tire debris (Rogge et al 1993a), particulate abrasion products from leaf surfaces of urban plants Simoneit 1994, Rogge et al 1993b), home boilers , Rogge et al 1993c, 1997a, hot asphalt roofing tar plot plumes (Rogge et al 1997b), biomass burning (Abas et al 1995, Duan et al 2004, Elias et al 1997, Fang et al 1999, Fine et al 2001, b, 2004a, Jayaratne and Verna 2001, Jordan et al 2006, Kleeman et al 1999, Oros and Simoneit 2001a, b, Rogge et al 1998, Simoneit 2002, Simoneit and Elias 2001, Simoneit et al 1993, Standley and Simoneit 1994, motorised vehicles (Fraser et al 1999, Rogge et al 1993d, Schauer et al 1999b, Simoneit 1984, tobacco smoke (Kavouras et al 1998a, Kleeman et al 1999, Morrical and Zenobi 2002, Rogge et al 1994, coal-fired power station (Santos et al 2004), waste landfill (Yassaa et al 2001a) and eolian transport of vegetal detritus (Boon et al 1998, Simoneit 1997, Simoneit et al 1988. Some of the researches have also focused upon the ...…”

“…Background concentrations of PAH reported at remote sites are 1-2 of magnitude lower (Halsall et al 1997). Some other studies have been devoted to the identification of PAH in particular combustion sources or in the proximity of specific emissions sources: wildfires (Masclet et al 1995, Okuda et al 2002), charcoal grilling (Dyremark et al 1995, biomass burning (Fine et al 2001, b, 2004a, Freeman and Cattell 1990, Hays et al 2005, Keshtkar and Ashbaugh 2007, Lee et al 2005, Oros and Simoneit 2001a, b, Rogge et al 1998, Santos et al 2002, Sheesley et al 2003, ferries (Cooper et al 1996), diesel exhausts (Cho et al 2004, Jiao and Lafleur 1997, McDonald et al 2004, Reilly et al 1998. Schauer et al 1999b, burning of sugar plantations (Godoi et al 2004, Santos et al 2002, near power plants ( Kalaitzoglou et al 2004), vegetable oil processing plant (Kavouras et al 2001b), cooking with seed oils (Schauer et al 2002b), incinerators (Besombes et al 2001, Lee et al 2002, Mao et al 2007), burning of foliar fuels (Hays et al 2002), roadside and vehicle exhausts for different fuels, lubricants and engine operating conditions (Brandenberger et al 2005, Lim et al 2005, Pedersen et al 1980, Schauer et al 2002c, Westerholm et al 1988, Yang et al 2005b.…”