Measurement of cosmic ray flux in the China JinPing underground laboratory

Wu, Yucheng; Hao, X. Q.; Yue, Qian; Li, Yuanjing; Cheng, Jianping; Kang, K.; Chen, Yunhua; Li, Jin; Li, Jianmin; Li, Yulan; Liu, Shukui; Ma, Hui; Ren, J.R.; Shen, Manbin; Wang, Jimin; Wu, Shengji; Xue, T.; Nan, Yi; Zeng, X. H.; Zeng, Zhi; Zhu, Zhonghua

doi:10.1088/1674-1137/37/8/086001

Cited by 111 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…2b shows that the top of JinPing mountain is relatively flat over the central portions of the tunnels. The ultra-low value of muon flux mentioned in the first paragraph of this section agrees well with that obtained using the average depth in a flat overburden model as discussed by Wu et al (2013). Fig.…”

Section: China Jinping Underground Laboratory and Its Planned Extensionsupporting

confidence: 89%

The Second-phase Development of the China JinPing Underground Laboratory

Haxton

et al. 2015

Physics Procedia

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During 2013-2015 an expansion of the China JinPing underground Laboratory (CJPL) will be undertaken along a main branch of a bypass tunnel in the JinPing tunnel complex. This second phase of CJPL will increase laboratory space to approximately 96,000 m 3 , which can be compared to the existing CJPL-I volume of ∼ 4,000 m 3 . One design configuration has eight additional hall spaces, each over 60 m long and approximately12 m in width, with overburdens of about 2.4 km of rock, oriented parallel to and away from the main water transport and auto traffic tunnels. There are additional possibilities for further expansions at a nearby second bypass tunnel and along the entrance and exit branches of both bypass tunnels, potentially leading to an expanded CJPL comparable in size to Gran Sasso. Concurrent with the excavation activities, planning is underway for dark matter and other rareevent detectors, as well as for geophysics/engineering and other coupled multi-disciplinary sensors. In the town meeting on 8 September, 2013 at Asilomar, CA, associated with the 13 th International Conference on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics (TAUP), presentations and panel discussions addressed plans for one-ton expansions of the current CJPL germanium detector array of the China Darkmatter EXperiment (CDEX) collaboration and of the duel-phase xenon detector of the Panda-X collaboration, as well as possible new detector initiatives for dark matter studies, low-energy solar neutrino detection, neutrinoless double beta searches, and geoneutrinos. JinPing was also discussed as a site for a low-energy nuclear astrophysics accelerator. Geophysics/engineering opportunities include acoustic and micro-seismic monitoring of rock bursts during and after excavation, coupled-process in situ measurements, local, regional, and global monitoring of seismically induced radon emission, and electromagnetic signals. Additional ideas and projects will likely be developed in the next few years, driven by China's domestic needs and by international experiments requiring access to very great depths.

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Section: China Jinping Underground Laboratory and Its Planned Extensionsupporting

confidence: 89%

The Second-phase Development of the China JinPing Underground Laboratory

Haxton

et al. 2015

Physics Procedia

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“…With 2400 m of rock overburden, CJPL is the deepest operational underground laboratory for particle physics in the world. The cosmic ray flux in CJPL is down to 61:7 y À1 m À2 [13], and this makes it a very good site for ultra-low-background experiments such as dark matter search, double beta decay, and so on.The point-contact germanium detectors have also been used by several experiments [4,9] to directly search for low-mass WIMPs. Due to the relative shallow cosmic ray shielding, CoGeNT and TEXONO used muon veto detectors to decrease the direct and indirect background contributions from cosmic ray muons.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

First results on low-mass WIMPs from the CDEX-1 experiment at the China Jinping underground laboratory

Zhao¹,

Yue²,

Kang³

et al. 2013

Phys. Rev. D

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The China Dark Matter Experiment Collaboration reports the first experimental limit on weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) dark matter from 14.6 kg-days of data taken with a 994 g p-type point-contact germanium detector at the China Jinping underground laboratory where the rock overburden is more than 2400 m. The energy threshold achieved was 400 eVee. According to the 14.6 kg-day live data, we placed the limit of N ¼ 1:75 Â 10 À40 cm 2 at a 90% confidence level on the spin-independent cross section at a WIMP mass of 7 GeV before differentiating bulk signals from the surface backgrounds.There are many pieces of evidence from astroparticle physics and cosmology which indicate that about one quarter of the mass of our Universe is composed of dark matter [1]. The nature of dark matter is unknown, except that it is coupled with matter via gravity. One of the possible candidates for dark matter is weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs, denoted by ), as motivated by many new theories beyond the standard model [2]. Direct detection of WIMP dark matter has been attempted with different detector technologies in the particle physics domain [3].In recent years, several experiments have expanded their coverage down to low-mass WIMPs with m < 10 GeV [4][5][6][7][8][9]. A point-contact germanium detector can reach an energy threshold of hundreds of eV while keeping almost the same energy resolution as the traditional coaxial germanium detector [10]. Thus, it can be a good choice for a low-mass dark matter search. Based on our previous work [11], the China Dark Matter Experiment (CDEX) Collaboration has formally started a program aimed at the direct detection of low-mass WIMPs using a ton-scale germanium array detector system [12]. As the first step, in 2011 the CDEX phase I experiment (CDEX-1) started to test and run its first prototype p-type point-contact germanium (PPCGe) detector with a crystal mass of 994 g. The experiment took place at the China Jinping underground laboratory (CJPL), which was established at the end of 2010. With 2400 m of rock overburden, CJPL is the deepest operational underground laboratory for particle physics in the world. The cosmic ray flux in CJPL is down to 61:7 y À1 m À2 [13], and this makes it a very good site for ultra-low-background experiments such as dark matter search, double beta decay, and so on.The point-contact germanium detectors have also been used by several experiments [4,9] to directly search for low-mass WIMPs. Due to the relative shallow cosmic ray shielding, CoGeNT and TEXONO used muon veto detectors to decrease the direct and indirect background contributions from cosmic ray muons. The muon veto method can decrease the background contribution of the * Corresponding author. yueq@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn † Participating as a member of the TEXONO Collaboration.PHYSICAL REVIEW D 88, 052004 (2013) 1550-7998= 2013=88(5)=052004(5) 052004-1

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“…As a heat‐resistant energetic material involving nitro compounds, 1‐methyl‐3,4,5‐ trinitropyrazole (MTNP, 21 ) was synthesized by a one‐step method using 1‐methylprazole (1‐MP, 20 ) as the raw material and N 2 O 5 ‐oleum (20 %) as the nitrating agent (Scheme ) . In addition, the influences of the mass fraction of N 2 O 5 , molar ratio of 1‐MP and N 2 O 5 , reaction temperature, and time were discussed.…”

Section: N2o5 As a Nitrating Agentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The application of nitrogen oxides in industrial preparations of nitro compounds

2018

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Nitrogen oxides of atomic economy are promising nitrating agents instead of common nitric and sulphuric acids in the industrial preparations of nitro compounds. This review provides recent developments of nitration using nitrogen oxides found in applied research. Novel nitration involving three classes of nitrogen oxides is described for the synthesis of organic intermediates, medicinally relevant compounds, natural products, high energy density materials, and some catalytic materials.

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Measurement of cosmic ray flux in the China JinPing underground laboratory

Cited by 111 publications

References 13 publications

The Second-phase Development of the China JinPing Underground Laboratory

The Second-phase Development of the China JinPing Underground Laboratory

First results on low-mass WIMPs from the CDEX-1 experiment at the China Jinping underground laboratory

The application of nitrogen oxides in industrial preparations of nitro compounds

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