Measurement of copper release rates from antifouling paint under laboratory and in situ conditions: implications for loading estimation to marine water bodies

Valkirs, Aldis O.; Seligman, Peter F.; Haslbeck, Elizabeth G; Caso, Joaquin S

doi:10.1016/s0025-326x(03)00044-4

Cited by 134 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Other materials such as fiberglass and steel are often coated with impermeable epoxy primers prior to antifouling paint application, and are thus expected to behave similar to aluminum mini-bars used in this study. In fact, the release rate we found in aluminum mini-bars (3.01 mg/cm 2 -day) is very similar to the mean in-situ release rate of Cu from the hull of US Naval vessels measured in San Diego Bay (3.8 mg/cm 2 -day) (Valkirs et al, 2003).…”

Section: Effect Of Painted Materials On Cu Releasesupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Release of biocides from surfaces painted with antifouling paints is controlled by biocide chemistry, hydrodynamics, temperature, salinity, pH, microbial biofilm (Kiil et al, 2001(Kiil et al, , 2002Valkirs et al, 2003), and as shown here, painted material. When the mini-bars were removed from waters for sampling, we observed slight swelling of wood mini-bars.…”

Section: Effect Of Painted Materials On Cu Releasementioning

confidence: 72%

“…(3) and (4)) (Ferry and Carritt, 1946;Kiil et al, 2001;Singh and Turner, 2009). In oxygenated water, Cu þ may be rapidly converted to cupric ion (Cu 2þ ) Kiil et al, 2001;Valkirs et al, 2003).…”

Section: Effect Of Salinity On Cu Releasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Comber et al (2002) found that Cu concentration in summer months was twice as much as in winter in an estuary, which was largely attributed to leaching of antifouling paints biocides. Valkirs and coworkers detected dissolved Cu release rate into San Diego Bay of 8 mg/cm 2 -day from hulls of US Navy vessels and 65 mg/cm 2 -day from painted steel panels (Valkirs et al, 2003). In all these studies (and others), dissolved Cu was defined as the fraction < 0.45 mm, as is traditionally done.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Fouling organisms are undesirable on hulls of ships and boats because they increase drag, and thus reduce fuel economy, and speed, and maneuverability of vessels (Kiil et al, 2001;Valkirs et al, 2003). Inorganic and organic copper (Cu) compounds have long been employed as biocidal agents, and have found use in antifouling (or bottom) paints to prevent colonization of vessel hulls by fouling organisms such as barnacles, tube worms, and algae (Omae, 2003;Turner, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Release and detection of nanosized copper from a commercial antifouling paint

et al. 2016

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a b s t r a c tOne major concern with the use of antifouling paints is the release of its biocides (mainly copper and zinc) into natural waters, where they may exhibit toxicity to non-target organisms. While many studies have quantified the release of biocides from antifouling paints, very little is known about the physicochemical state of released copper. For proper risk assessment of antifouling paints, characterization of copper released into water is necessary because the physicochemical state determines the metal's environmental fate and effects. In this study, we monitored release of different fractions of copper (dissolved, nano, and bulk) from a commercial copper-based antifouling paint. Release from painted wood and aluminum mini-bars that were submerged in natural waters was monitored for 180 days. Leachates contained both dissolved and particulate copper species. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to determine the chemical phase of particles in the leachate. The amount of copper released was strongly dependent on water salinity, painted surface, and paint drying time. The presence of nanosized Cu 2 O particles was confirmed in paint and its leachate using singleparticle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and electron microscopy. Toxicity of paint leachate to a marine phytoplankton was also evaluated.

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Section: Effect Of Painted Materials On Cu Releasesupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Effect Of Painted Materials On Cu Releasementioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Effect Of Salinity On Cu Releasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Release and detection of nanosized copper from a commercial antifouling paint

et al. 2016

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Biofouling Control

Shifler

2022

LaQue's Handbook of Marine Corrosion

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Using clones and copper to resolve the genetic architecture of metal tolerance in a marine invader

McKenzie

Johnston

Brooks

2012

Ecology and Evolution

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The global spread of invasive species may be facilitated by adaptation to the practices that humans use to manage those species. For example, marine invertebrates that adapt to metal-based antifouling biocides on ship hulls may be more likely to be introduced to and establish in metal-polluted environments. We tested this idea by studying clonal variation in tolerance to, and ability to recover from, exposure to copper in a widespread invasive marine bryozoan, Watersipora subtorquata. We cloned colonies of this organism to independently test multiple environments in a genotype by environment design, and then created a genetic variance–covariance matrix. Genotypes were exposed to a gradient of copper concentrations and growth measured during exposure and after a recovery period. There was a significant genotype × environment interaction in growth during exposure and recovery. We found clonal variation in tolerance and ability to recover from exposure to copper, with growth during exposure apparently trading off against growth after exposure. A weak genetic correlation between growth during and after exposure further indicated that they are separate traits. Overall, the genetic variation within this population indicates that there is considerable potential for adaptation to copper, but this comes at a cost to growth in unpolluted environments.

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Measurement of copper release rates from antifouling paint under laboratory and in situ conditions: implications for loading estimation to marine water bodies

Cited by 134 publications

References 6 publications

Release and detection of nanosized copper from a commercial antifouling paint

Release and detection of nanosized copper from a commercial antifouling paint

Biofouling Control

Using clones and copper to resolve the genetic architecture of metal tolerance in a marine invader

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