Measurement of congestion and intrinsic risk in pedestrian crowds

Feliciani, Claudio; Nishinari, Katsuhiro

doi:10.1016/j.trc.2018.03.027

Cited by 102 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…To allow an accurate description of crowd motion with a sufficient spatial and temporal resolution, but yet capture dynamics at different densities, the combination of both mesh size and sampling time interval is fundamental. Also considering the typical size of human body and the typical range of walking speed, we concluded that a mesh size of 0.2 m and sampling time interval of 2.5 s is the most appropriate set of parameters (details of the selection are given in [3]).…”

Section: Congestion Level and Crowd Danger Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To understand the properties of congestion level and crowd danger several characteristic experiments from multiple sources have been analyzed (details are given in [3]). In particular, three types of experiment were considered for comparison: unidirectional, bidirectional and chaotic (multidirectional) motion.…”

Section: Calibration Using Controlled Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past, a number of experiments and field studies have been performed to analyse the behaviour of people during evacuations. Both humans [1][2][3] and animals [4,5] have been employed in experiments and granular matter [6] has been also taken as a comparative case to better understand human behaviour. Simulation models have also reached a considerable level of maturity in reproducing dynamics observed in reality (possibly due to the existence of a single common destination which makes calculations easier), thus allowing to study simple correlations between experimental conditions and evacuation time [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of pedestrian evacuation scenarios through congestion level and crowd dang

Feliciani

Nishinari

2020

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In this paper, we present two quantities aimed at numerically describing the level of congestion and the intrinsic risk of pedestrian crowds. The congestion level allows to assess the smoothness of pedestrian streams and recognize regions where self-organization is difficult or not possible. This measure differs from previous attempts to quantify congestion in pedestrian crowds by employing velocities as vector entities (thus not only focusing on the absolute value). The crowd danger contains elements related to congestion, but also includes the effect of density, consequently allowing to asses the risks intrinsically created by the dynamics of crowds. Details on the computational methods related to both quantities are described in the paper and their properties are discussed. As a practical application, both measures are used to investigate supervised experiments where evacuation (or similar conditions) are considered. Results for small room sizes and limited number of pedestrians show that the crowd danger distribution over the space in front of the exit door has similar patterns to typical quantities used in the frame of pedestrian dynamics (density and flow) and symmetrical shapes are obtained. However, when larger scenarios are considered, then congestion map and crowd danger become unrelated from density and/or flow, showing that both quantities express different aspects of pedestrian motion.

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Section: Congestion Level and Crowd Danger Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Calibration Using Controlled Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of pedestrian evacuation scenarios through congestion level and crowd dang

Feliciani

Nishinari

2020

Coll Dyn

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“…When a crowd tries to escape from a room in a life-and-death situation the passage through doors becomes crucial in determining the evacuation efficacy [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. In some extreme cases, the accumulation of people in front of an emergency exit and the instinctive pushing reaction of the individuals, leads to door obstruction or clogging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redefining the role of obstacles in pedestrian evacuation

Garcimartín

Maza

Pastor³

et al. 2018

New J. Phys.

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The placement of obstacles in front of doors is believed to be an effective strategy to increase the flow of pedestrians, hence improving the evacuation process. Since it was first suggested, this counterintuitive feature is considered a hallmark of pedestrian flows through bottlenecks. Indeed, despite the little experimental evidence, the placement of an obstacle has been hailed as the panacea for solving evacuation problems. In this work, we challenge this idea and experimentally demonstrate that the pedestrians flow rate is not necessarily altered by the presence of an obstacle. This result-which is at odds with recent demonstrations on its suitability for the cases of granular media, sheep and micediffers from the outcomes of most of existing numerical models, and warns about the risks of carelessly extrapolating animal behaviour to humans. Our experimental findings also reveal an unnoticed phenomenon in relation with the crowd movement in front of the exit: in competitive evacuations, an obstacle attenuates the development of collective transversal rushes, which are hazardous as they might cause falls.

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“…Microscopic models focus on qualitatively explaining the evacuation dynamics, including spatial-discrete models. In addition, the density, flow or crowd pressure of crowding motion plays a significant role on crowd evacuation [6]. Although demographics and anthropometry of pedestrians influenced the evacuation time, the stadium architecture characteristics were the main factor which affected pedestrian flow [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crowd evacuation simulation for walking-along-side effect in the Stadium

2020

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With growing concerns about stadiums where attract large mass gathering, modeling and simulating crowd evacuation is pertinent to ensuring efficient and safe conditions. Based on the modified social force model and multi-agent simulation, several simulation scenarios are conducted to study the walking-along-side effects. The results show that walking along the sides will increase evacuation time, but it can mitigate the pressure of clogging effects and stream arching queue. Meanwhile, walking-along-side effects can relieve the density pressure of the exit and the "fast-is-slow" phenomenon. At last, several suggestions are put forward to promote evacuating capacity of the stadium.

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Measurement of congestion and intrinsic risk in pedestrian crowds

Cited by 102 publications

References 35 publications

Investigation of pedestrian evacuation scenarios through congestion level and crowd dang

Investigation of pedestrian evacuation scenarios through congestion level and crowd dang

Redefining the role of obstacles in pedestrian evacuation

Crowd evacuation simulation for walking-along-side effect in the Stadium

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