I would like to thank Jenny for useful advice on my studies and a critical eye on this thesis. I am grateful to friends and office mates at UCL: Dan, Tom, Shiva and especially Mark and Leo for lively (non-physics) conversation as well as pints at the pub. Mark Lancaster has singularly saved my financial future from certain ruin in wading through the UCL bureaucracy on my behalf. Whilst at Fermilab Caius Howcroft, Peter Shanahan and Bob Zwaska have become good friends and saved my sanity. Eric Grashorn has been kind enough to share his wine, cooking and friendship. Mandy and David Rominsky are good people. Phil Adamson was instrumental in easing my transition to Fermilab. Alex Sousa, Robert Pittam and the rest of the NC working group have been consistently helpful and gracious colleagues. Sacha Kopp has taught me things that I never thought I would need to learn, and I am all the more grateful for it. Instrumental to this thesis and my work on MINOS has been the considerable help and sagacious advice from Brian Rebel, who was also kind enough to join me on many bike rides along the Fox river. My family, from Manuela Forte to the Portillas, grandma and grandpa, cousins and on to the Roberts, have been instrumental in providing a bedrock of support during my studies. Ben, Greg and Sherm have been great friends. I thank my wife for being continually supportive and understanding when either studies or work kept us apart. Lastly, I would like to express my unbounded gratitude to my mother.