Measurement of cations, anions, and acetate in serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue by ion chromatography

Chapp, Andrew D.; Schum, Simeon; Behnke, Jessica E.; Hahka, Taija; Huber, Michael; Jiang, Enshe; Larson, Robert A.; Shan, Zhiying; Chen, Qing‐Hui

doi:10.14814/phy2.13666

Cited by 30 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…For tissue samples; samples were thawed to room temperature and the centrifuge tube containing the tissue was weighed on an analytical balance before and after extraction according to our previous publication (Chapp et al, 2018). Tubes after extraction were washed with water, followed by ethanol (70%) and allowed to completely dry before weighing.…”

Section: Ion Chromatography Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local Metabolism of Ethanol to Acetic Acid/Acetate in the Central Nucleus of Amygdala Elicits Sympathoexcitatory Responses through Activation of NMDAR in Sprague Dawley Rats

Chapp

Huber

Driscoll

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) regulation of neuronal function remains an interesting but poorly understood area of research. The SCFA, acetic acid, the main component of vinegar and the major metabolite of ethanol has been directly linked to altering neuronal function. However, the underlying mechanisms as it relates to alcohol consumption and SCFA regulation of neuronal function have yet to be elucidated. Here we show that local metabolism of ethanol to acetic acid/acetate in the central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) activates glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) in vivo causing a sympathoexcitatory response. External acetate and intracellular loading of acetic acid in CeA neurons increased neuronal excitability through activation of NMDAR. Furthermore, cultured neurons exposed to acetate showed increased cytosolic calcium which response was abolished by NMDAR antagonist and decreased pH. These findings suggest that acetic acid/acetate is an underestimated bioactive metabolite of ethanol that mediates some effects via an NMDAR-dependent mechanism in the brain. The link between the SCFA, acetic acid/acetate on increased neuronal excitability at least partially through NMDAR may provide a novel avenue for understanding alcohol, metabolic, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders related to alterations in SCFA concentrations in the brain.

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Section: Ion Chromatography Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local Metabolism of Ethanol to Acetic Acid/Acetate in the Central Nucleus of Amygdala Elicits Sympathoexcitatory Responses through Activation of NMDAR in Sprague Dawley Rats

Chapp

Huber

Driscoll

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…For determining the cation and anion concentrations in urine, different analytical methods are used, including flame emission spectrophotometry 11 , ion selective electrodes 12 , ion chromatography 13 and capillary electrophoresis 14 , all of which are accurate and precise. However, the total analysis time, the amount of sample required, and the analysis cost of these methods may be relatively high 1,11,15,16 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Sensing of electrolytes in urine using a miniaturized paper-based device

Ghaderinezhad

Koydemir

Tseng

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Analyzing electrolytes in urine, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and nitrite, has significant diagnostic value in detecting various conditions, such as kidney disorder, urinary stone disease, urinary tract infection, and cystic fibrosis. Ideally, by regularly monitoring these ions with the convenience of dipsticks and portable tools, such as cellphones, informed decision making is possible to control the consumption of these ions. Here, we report a paper-based sensor for measuring the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and nitrite in urine, accurately quantified using a smartphone-enabled platform. By testing the device with both Tris buffer and artificial urine containing a wide range of electrolyte concentrations, we demonstrate that the proposed device can be used for detecting potassium, calcium, chloride, and nitrite within the whole physiological range of concentrations, and for binary quantification of sodium concentration.

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“…Ion concentration is an important biomarker for sensing due to the ubiquitous role of ions in cellular and organism‐wide signaling, metabolism, and regulation. Electrochemical ion sensors that can measure ion concentration have taken many forms with high sensitivity and selectivity . These sensors typically record the electrode potential caused by the accumulation of the charged ion of interest that is filtered by an ion‐selective membrane (ISM) .…”

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A Microfluidic Ion Sensor Array

Selberg

Nguyen

et al. 2020

Small

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noninvasive applications such as sweat sensing. [18] To this end, we develop a novel ion-selective microelectrode array platform with high spatial resolution. We fabricate the platform using photolithography for patterning electronic wiring and insulation, electrodeposition for surface modification, and ISMs through an advanced process involving temporary polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channels. As a proof of concept, we apply this device to detect the ion concentration change in culture medium. [36,37] Figure 1 comprises schematic views and the working mechanism for this device. Figure 1a describes the schematic view of the device with multiple ion sensors, including the K + -sensor, Na + -sensor, and Cl − -sensor. The inner electrode for each ion is 500 µm × 500 µm, and the space between two electrodes is 400 µm. With multiple ion sensors, the device enables to simultaneously monitor [K + ], [Na + ], and [Cl − ] in electrolyte solutions. We fabricate the sensor array on a silicon wafer with a process that combines photolithography for connectors, electrochemical deposition for electrodes, and microfluidics for ISM patterning ( Figure S1, Supporting Information). Figure 1b illustrates the working principle of the sensor array. When the device is placed in an electrolyte solution (e.g., KCl, NaCl, and KNO 3 ), the target ion will diffuse across a polymer membrane that is made selective with the addition of an ionophore. Diffusion continues until the concentration of the target ion is in equilibrium between the outside of the membrane in contact with the electrolyte solution and the inside of the membrane in contact with the electrode. The concentration of the target ion on the electrode surface affects the electrode potential and the corresponding ionic concentration can be can be calculated from the electrode voltage using Nernst equation. Figure 2 displays a microfluidic-based method for the PVCbased polymer membrane patterning on a substrate that already includes Au wires. A parylene thin film coated on top acts as the encapsulation layer and creates windows for electrode electrodeposition (Figure 2a). For electrodes, we use poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) to create electrodes with high capacitance. [38,39] As shown in Figure 2b, we deposit PEDOT:PSS from electrochemical polymerization of a solution containing 0.01 m EDOT and 0.1 m NaPSS. [38][39][40] The PEDOT:PSS coated electrodes have higher capacitance than the bare Pt electrodes ( Figure S2, Supporting Information), which is important for sensor performance. To selectively pattern the ISMs, we use a PDMS mold as template (Figure 2c,g). We then position the mold onto the substrate, align it to the electrodes, A balanced concentration of ions is essential for biological processes to occur. For example, [H + ] gradients power adenosine triphosphate synthesis, dynamic changes in [K + ] and [Na + ] create action potentials in neuronal communication, and [Cl − ] contributes to maintaining appropriate cell membrane...

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Measurement of cations, anions, and acetate in serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue by ion chromatography

Cited by 30 publications

References 56 publications

Local Metabolism of Ethanol to Acetic Acid/Acetate in the Central Nucleus of Amygdala Elicits Sympathoexcitatory Responses through Activation of NMDAR in Sprague Dawley Rats

Local Metabolism of Ethanol to Acetic Acid/Acetate in the Central Nucleus of Amygdala Elicits Sympathoexcitatory Responses through Activation of NMDAR in Sprague Dawley Rats

Sensing of electrolytes in urine using a miniaturized paper-based device

A Microfluidic Ion Sensor Array

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