Measurement of Calcium Fluctuations Within the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Cultured Smooth Muscle Cells Using FRET-based Confocal Imaging

Abstract

Maintenance of steady-state calcium (Ca(2+)) levels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is vital to their overall health. A significant portion of intracellular Ca(2+) content is found within the SR stores in VSMCs. As the only intracellular organelle with a close association to the surrounding extracellular space through plasma membrane-SR junctions, the SR can be considered to constitute the first line of response to any irregularity in Ca(2+) transients, or stress experienced by the cell. Among its many functions, one of the most important is its role in the transmission of Ca(2+)-regulated signals throughout the cell to induce further cell-wide reactions downstream. The more common use of cytoplasmic Ca(2+) indicators in this regard is overall insufficient for research into the highly dynamic changes to the intraluminal SR Ca(2+) store that have yet to be fully characterized. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the direct and clear measurement of luminal SR Ca(2+). This tool is useful for investigation into the nuanced changes in SR Ca(2+) that have significant subsequent effects on the normal function and health of the cell. Fluctuations in SR Ca(2+) content specifically can provide us with a significant amount of information pertaining to cellular responses to disease or stress conditions experienced by the cell. In this method, a modified version of a SR-targeted Ca(2+) indicator, D1SR, is used to detect Ca(2+) fluctuations in response to the introduction of agents to cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Following incubation with the D1SR indicator, confocal fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based imaging are used to directly observe changes to intraluminal SR Ca(2+) levels under control conditions and with the addition of agonist agents that function to induce intracellular Ca(2+) movement.

Caspofungin induces the release of Ca2+ ions from internal stores by activating ryanodine receptor-dependent pathways in human tracheal epithelial cells

“…The partial recovery is most probably a response to the SERCA balancing the efflux and influx of Ca 2+ ions from the ER, as is generally assumed for many cell types 34 . A similar mechanism of Ca 2+ depletion from the ER has been described previously for smooth muscle cells derived from different organs in rats 35,36 . Here, the prolonged decline of Mag-Fluo-4-fluorescence was caused by the continuous presence of caspofungin activating RyR.…”