Measurement of anterior-posterior motion of the knee in injured patients using a biomechanical stress technique.

Measuring Craniocaudal Instability in Stifle Joints of Dogs Using Stress Radiographs

“…Stress machines tried for the purpose of diagnosing the craniocaudal instability of the stifle joint in man did not reach common application both because of the high price of special instruments and low testifying value influenced by the mass of surrounding soft tissue especially in the caudal stifle joint area (Torzilli et al 1991;Torzilli et al 1984;Torzilli et al 1981;Kennedy and Fowler 1971). Radiographic evaluation of stifle joint instability using stress projections eliminates the inaccuracy of mentioned methods because only bone structures are considered.…”

Stressradiography of the knee

“…The total anterior-posterior knee motion depends upon the knee flexion angle tested. In the near extended position, between zero and 20 degrees of flexion, there is less coupled anterior-posterior translation/rotation than in flexion between 70 and 90 degrees (Torzilli et al 1984, Gollehon et al 1987, Blankevoort 1991. The reduction of rotational play in the near extended position is due to the articular cartilage configuration, the screw-home mechanism, and the progressive tightening of the meniscocapsular structures and cmciate ligaments as the knee reaches full extension.…”

Stress Radiography for the Diagnosis of Knee Ligament Injuries: A Systematic Review

“…Fifteen studies (39%) focused solely on the diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) instability, nine (24%) on the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), two (5%) on varus, two (5%) on valgus, and 10 (26%) on multiligament assessment. Of the multiligament studies, four studies described anterior, posterior, varus, and valgus stress radiography [13,17,19,32]; one described anterior, posterior, and varus stress [18]; four described anterior and posterior stress only [28,[46][47][48]; and one described posterior and varus stress only [43]. A total of 23 studies were purely descriptive studies of a stress radiography technique, whereas 15 studies were comparative either among stress radiograph techniques or between stress radiography and other diagnostic techniques.…”

“…The stress radiography techniques and devices described in the literature varied by the plane of stress and therefore the ligament(s) isolated ( 47], manual force [6,12,13,32,40,44,46], hydraulic force [17][18][19], S-type load cell [25,26], a constant-tension spring [48], and the dynamic stress test using active muscle contraction [1,7,21]. A total of 16 unique stress techniques were described across all studies included in this review (Table 3).…”