Measurement of a Direct Water-Gasoline-Emulsion-Injection

Wagner, Thilo; Rottengruber, Hermann; Beyrau, Frank; Dragomirov, Plamen; Schaub, Maximilian

doi:10.4995/ilass2017.2017.4753

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…A recent paper reports the outcomes of a basic research on direct injection of gasoline/water emulsion. It shows the influence of the amount of water in a WiGE on the spray evolution in a high-pressure chamber [13]. The main evidence of this study is represented by the opportunity to optimize the direct injection of WiGE to improve fuel consumption and emissions in DISI engines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Performance and Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Water-in-Gasoline Emulsion Produced through Micro-Channels Emulsification

Tornatore¹,

Marchitto²,

Teodosio³

et al. 2021

Applied Sciences

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This paper presents an experimental study investigating the effects of water-in-gasoline emulsion (WiGE) on the performance and emissions of a turbocharged PFI spark-ignition engine. The emulsions were produced through a micro-channels emulsifier, potentially capable to work inline, without addition of surfactants. Measurements were performed at a 3000 rpm speed and net Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP) of 16 bar: the engine point representative of commercial ECU map was chosen as reference. In this condition, the engine, fueled with gasoline, runs overfueled (λ = 0.9) to preserve the integrity of the turbocharger from excessive temperature, and the spark timing corresponds to the knock limit. Starting from the reference point, two different water contents in emulsion were tested, 10% and 20% by volume, respectively. For each selected emulsion, at λ = 0.9, the spark timing was advanced from the reference point value to the new knock limit, controlling the IMEP at a constant level. Further, the cooling effect of water evaporation in WiGE allowed it to work at stoichiometric condition, with evident benefits on the fuel economy. Main outcomes highlight fuel consumption improvements of about 7% under stoichiometric mixture and optimized spark timing, while avoiding an excessive increase in turbine thermal stress. Emulsions induce a slight worsening in the HC emissions, arising from the relative impact on combustion development. On the other hand, at stoichiometric condition, HC and CO emissions drop with a corresponding increase in NO.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Performance and Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Water-in-Gasoline Emulsion Produced through Micro-Channels Emulsification

Tornatore¹,

Marchitto²,

Teodosio³

et al. 2021

Applied Sciences

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“…The density of the carrier phase is ρ c = 1 kg/m 3 in all configurations. We define the density ratio ρ d /ρ c = 1.3 as a reference case (Refcase), since it approximately corresponds to the ratio of water-in-gasoline emulsions [40]. This value was increased and decreased by a factor of 1.2 for comparison, resulting in the density ratios 1.1 and 1.6.…”

Section: Considered Configurationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the Density Ratio on Emulsions and Their Segregation: A Direct Numerical Simulation Study

et al. 2023

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Using direct numerical simulation (DNS) in combination with the volume of fluid method (VoF), we investigate the influence of the density ratio between the carrier and dispersed phase on emulsions, where the baseline simulation approximately corresponds to the ratio of water-in-gasoline emulsions. For this purpose, homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT) is generated using a linear forcing method, enhanced by a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller, ensuring a constant turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) for two-phase flows, where the TKE balance equation contains an additional term due to surface tension. Then, the forcing is stopped, and gravitational acceleration is activated. The proposed computational setup represents a unique and well-controlled configuration to study emulsification and segregation. We consider four different density ratios, which are applied in industrial processes, to investigate the influence of the density ratio on the statistically steady state of the emulsions, and their segregation under decaying turbulence and constant gravitational acceleration. At the statistically steady state, we hold the turbulence constant and study the effects of the density ratio ρd/ρc, on the interface area, the Sauter mean diameter (SMD), and the statistical droplet size distribution. We find that all are affected by the density ratio, and we observe a relation between the SMD and ρd/ρc. Furthermore, we assume a dependence of the critical Weber number on the density ratio. In the second part of our work, we study the segregation process. To this end, we consider the change in the center of mass of the disperse phase and the energy release, to analyze the dependence of segregation on the density difference Δρ/ρd. We show that segregation scales with the density difference and the droplet size, and a segregation time scale has been suggested that collapses the height of the center of mass for different density ratios.

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Measurement of a Direct Water-Gasoline-Emulsion-Injection

Cited by 2 publications

References 7 publications

Performance and Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Water-in-Gasoline Emulsion Produced through Micro-Channels Emulsification

Performance and Emissions of a Spark Ignition Engine Fueled with Water-in-Gasoline Emulsion Produced through Micro-Channels Emulsification

Effect of the Density Ratio on Emulsions and Their Segregation: A Direct Numerical Simulation Study

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