Measurement of 36Cl in nuclear wastes and effluents: Validation of a radiochemical protocol with an in-house reference sample

Organic Matter Chlorination Rates in Different Boreal Soils: The Role of Soil Organic Matter Content

“…Second, the widespread perception that Cl – is inert in soil is also applied to radioactive chlorine ( 36 Cl). , 36 Cl is produced in the irradiated fuel assembly during reactor operations and has a half-life of 3.01 × 10 5 years. The mobility of Cl – in the environment and the long half-life of 36 Cl make it a critical radionuclide to account for in safety assessment of any repositories for radioactive waste . Formation of 36 Cl org may result in increased residence time of 36 Cl and possible prolonged exposure to soil organisms and plants following contamination of soils.…”

Determination of36Cl in Nuclear Waste from Reactor Decommissioning

“…Many chemical separation procedures for the determination of 36 Cl have been reported previously. Most of these rely on volatilizing chlorine at high temperatures, followed by precipitating AgCl, and dissolving the precipitate with ammonium. − …”

“…Analytical methods reported for the determination of 36 Cl have focused on ion-exchange resins, evaporator concentrates, concrete and water from nuclear facilities, − and biological and environmental samples such as soil, lichens, bones, and water. ,− A few methods have been reported for determining 36 Cl in graphite, , but it has not been possible to reproduce these to obtain reliable results. No method has been reported for the determination of 36 Cl in steel, aluminum, lead, and heavy concrete.…”

Critical comparison of radiometric and mass spectrometric methods for the determination of radionuclides in environmental, biological and nuclear waste samples

“…The interest in the determination of 36 Cl in nuclear waste results from the long half life of 36 Cl and its high mobility in the environment, while the purpose of determination of 36 Cl in the environmental sample normally focus on the application of this radionuclide as a environmental tracer. 36 Cl is a pure beta particle emitter with a high energy (E max = 708.6 keV, 98.1%), it is therefore mainly measured by beta counting such as LSC [129,130,[136][137][138][139][140][141]. The reported detection limit of LSC for 36 C is 14 mBq using Quantulus TM low level LSC for 50 min counting time [136].…”