Measurement invariance of TGMD-3 in children with and without mental and behavioral disorders.

Magistro, Daniele; Piumatti, Gîovanni; Carlevaro, Fabio; Sherar, Lauren B.; Esliger, Dale W.; Bardaglio, Giulia; Magno, Francesca; Zecca, Massimiliano; Musella, Giovanni

doi:10.1037/pas0000587

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Results of explorative and confirmatory factor analyses confirm the two-factor model structure proposed by Ulrich since the first version of this instrument 15 and are aligned with previous validity studies in different countries 24,36,37 and children samples. 38,39 In particular, skip, strike with one hand, and underhand throw, the three new skills included in this third version of the TGMD, were strongly correlated to their respective sub-scale. Unlike the previous validity studies, it is important to highlight one main difference of our results with regarding to 'the kick a stationary ball' skill.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Psychometric proprieties of the Test of Gross Motor Development–Third Edition in a large sample of Italian children

Magistro

Piumatti

Carlevaro

et al. 2020

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

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Objectives: The Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3) evaluates fundamental gross motor skills across two domains: locomotor and ball skills. This study aimed to perform a full psychometric assessment of this test in a large sample of Italian pre-and primary school children. Design: Cross-sectional and test-retest study design. Method: Children N = 5210; mean age years = 8.38, SD = 1.97; % females = 48 completed three trials, including one practice. Only the scores of the two latter 'formal' trials were recorded for the evaluation. Factorial validity and measurement invariance of TGMD-3 across age and gender groups and test-retest reliability for the overtime measure consistency were tested. Item response theory analysis further tested single items' performances. Results: Explorative and confirmatory factor analyses confirmed the two-factor structure of the TGMD-3. Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses indicated that there were no significant reductions in model adjustments between the configural, metric and structural invariance solutions for gender and age groups. Test-retest results ranged between 0.967 and 0.990 for both skill sets across age groups. Item response theory analysis using a graded response model showed low standard error and high-test information levels covering a wide spectrum range of both locomotor and ball skills. Conclusions: These results highlight the strong construct validity and reliability of the TGMD-3 to measure gross motor skills in children across gender and age groups. Item response theory analysis evidenced how the performance criteria included in this test cover a wide range of gross the motor skills spectrum. The use of TGMD-3 may inform motor development programs and support curricular decisions in schools.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Psychometric proprieties of the Test of Gross Motor Development–Third Edition in a large sample of Italian children

Magistro

Piumatti

Carlevaro

et al. 2020

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

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“…Reliability can be considered a pre-requisite requirement for clinical, educational and research application of any given measure, even more for field-based measures, such as the TGMD test. In this respect, in recent years, several studies have been published that examined the inter-rater, intra-rater, and test-retest reliability of the TGMD in different population groups, including children with autism spectrum disorder [ 17 ], children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [ 18 ], children with visual impairments [ 19 ], children with mental and behavioural disorders [ 20 ], and children with intellectual disabilities [ 21 ]. Given the increasing amount of scientific evidence on this topic and the extensive application of this assessment tool, a systematic review of the reliability of the TGMD appears to be warranted.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability of the test of gross motor development: A systematic review

et al. 2020

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Objective To identify, synthesise and evaluate studies that investigated the reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) variants. Methods A systematic search was employed to identify studies that have investigated internal consistency, inter-rater, intra-rater and test-retest reliability of the TGMD variants through Scopus, Pubmed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Sport Discus and Web of Science databases. Results Of the 265 studies identified, 23 were included. Internal consistency, evaluated in 14 studies, confirming good-to-excellent consistency for the overall score and general motor quotient (GMQ), and acceptable-to-excellent levels in both subscales (locomotor and ball skills). Inter-rater reliability, evaluated in 19 studies, showing good-to-excellent intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) values in locomotor skills score, ball skills score, overall score, and GMQ. Intra-rater reliability, evaluated in 13 studies, displaying excellent ICC values in overall score and GMQ, and good-to-excellent ICC values in locomotor skills score and ball skills score. Test-retest reliability was evaluated in 15 studies with 100% of the statistics reported above the threshold of acceptable reliability when ICC was not used. Studies with ICC statistic showed good-to-excellent values in ball skills score, overall score, and GMQ; and moderate-to-excellent values in locomotor skills score. Conclusions Overall, the results of this systematic review indicate that, regardless of the variant of the test, the TMGD has moderate-to-excellent internal consistency, good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability, good-to-excellent intra-rater reliability, and moderate-to-excellent test-retest reliability. Considering the few high-quality studies in terms of internal consistency, it would be recommend to carry out further studies in this field to improve their quality. Since there is no gold standard for assessing FMS, TGMD variants could be appropriate when opting for a psychometrical robust test. However, standardized training protocols for coding TGMD variants seem to be necessary both for researchers and practitioners in order to ensure acceptable reliability.

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“…For hypothesis 1 (H 1 ) we predict bifactor structure produces a superior model fit compared to previously tested one-factor 9 and two-factor models. 10,11,17 For H 2 , we predict the TGMD-3 is mostly unidimensional showing prominence of a general factor (i.e., total FMS) over group factors (i.e., subscales), which explains the strong correlation (r = .80+) between TGMD-3 subscales in previous studies. A secondary aim of our study was to examine model-based reliability of the TGMD-3.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…However, TGMD validity studies have not rigorously explored this issue. For example, in the initial TGMD-3 studies either one factor 9 or two-factor 10,11,17 confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models were tested without fully examining multidimensionality. Furthermore, researchers relying on the two-factor TGMD-3 model judge acceptable to good model fit, yet fail to explain subscale correlation estimates between locomotor skills and ball skills.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bifactor structure and model reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development — 3rd edition

Garn

Webster

2021

Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport

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Objectives: This study investigated the structure of the Test of Gross Motor Development -3rd edition (TGMD-3). Specifically, we examine bifactor structure, which simultaneously models a fundamental motor skills (FMS) general factor and specific factors for locomotor skills and ball skills, compared to other models. Design: Cross-sectional design using the TGMD-3 normative sample. Methods: The sample (N = 862) of children (Mage = 6.51, SD = 2.23) was matched based on United States census data, ensuring appropriate percentages of demographic representation and disability status. Confirmatory factor analyses, exploratory structural equation modeling, model-based reliability estimates including coefficient omega hierarchical, and coefficient omega hierarchical subscale, explained common variance estimates, and relative parameter bias were examined. Results: Findings revealed bifactor structure produced a better model fit compared to both one-factor and two-factor models. Furthermore, model reliability estimates that parceled true score variance for the general FMS factor, locomotor skills factor, and ball skills factor yielded high internal consistency for FMS (.797) but not locomotor skills (.168) and ball skills (.216). Finally, explained common variance (.852-.879) and relative parameter bias (.018-.072) estimates identified the strength of the run, skip, slide, and dribble skills tests to represent the FMS general factor. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the advantages of using bifactor structure to examine the TGMD-3 compared to one-factor and two-factor models. Additionally, these results provide further evidence that using the TGMD-3 to examine an overall FMS general factor may explain more variance in performance and provide a better picture for evaluating children's current FMS levels compared to subscales independently.

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Measurement invariance of TGMD-3 in children with and without mental and behavioral disorders.

Cited by 19 publications

References 40 publications

Psychometric proprieties of the Test of Gross Motor Development–Third Edition in a large sample of Italian children

Psychometric proprieties of the Test of Gross Motor Development–Third Edition in a large sample of Italian children

Reliability of the test of gross motor development: A systematic review

Bifactor structure and model reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development — 3rd edition

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