Measurement Instruments for the Anthropomorphism, Animacy, Likeability, Perceived Intelligence, and Perceived Safety of Robots

Abstract

This study emphasizes the need for standardized measurement tools for human robot interaction (HRI). If we are to make progress in this field then we must be able to compare the results from different studies. A literature review has been performed on the measurements of five key concepts in HRI: anthropomorphism, animacy, likeability, perceived intelligence, and perceived safety. The results have been distilled into five consistent questionnaires using semantic differential scales. We report reliability and validity indicators based on several empirical studies that used these questionnaires. It is our hope that these questionnaires can be used by robot developers to monitor their progress. Psychologists are invited to further develop the questionnaires by adding new concepts, and to conduct further validations where it appears necessary.

Emotional gait: Effects on humans' perception of humanoid robots

“…In order to assess the effects of emotional gait on the subjects' perception of the robot, we decided to take three parameters into consideration: the emotion recognition rate, the emotion recognition reaction time and the overall feelings towards the robot described by the Godspeed questionnaire [27].…”

Motivational Effects of Acknowledging Feedback from a Socially Assistive Robot

“…To investigate the human-likeliness, we asked the participant to rate the robot based on the Godspeed questionnaire (5 point-based differential scale, [16]). …”

The Uncanny Valley Everywhere? On Privacy Perception and Expectation Management

“…For example, Hanson [7] has argued that the uncanny valley does not arise so much because of confrontation with too little life-likeness, but rather because of a confrontation with too little "physical attractiveness or beauty" [3]. One of the more convincing explanations, to my mind, is the idea that the uncanny valley effect has to do with our human tendency to anthropomorphize non-human and even non-living things, to attribute "a human form, human characteristics, or human behavior to nonhuman things such as robots, computers and animals" [13]. The more 'life-like' cues they give off, the more easily we will be tempted to ascribe intentions and animism to them, and the more easily we will be compelled to like them.…”

“…The more 'life-like' cues they give off, the more easily we will be tempted to ascribe intentions and animism to them, and the more easily we will be compelled to like them. All of this happens effortlessly, almost automatically, and mostly outside our awareness [13,14,15,16,17,18,19].…”