Measurement in Saliva From Neurotypical Adults of Biomarkers Pertinent to Autism Spectrum Disorders

Ratajczak, Helen V.; Sothern, Robert B.

doi:10.4155/fso.15.70

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(63 reference statements)

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“…Serum concentrations of glutarylcarnitine and carnosylcarnitine may be potential biomarkers in ASD diagnostics, as suggested by Lv et al [ 117 ]. Disturbances in carnitine metabolism may be important in the diagnosis of nondysmorphic autism, as suggested by Ratajczak and Sothern [ 118 ]. The experimental research conducted by MacFabe [ 119 ] in rats demonstrated changes in the composition of phospholipids during the induction of autistic behavior after intra-intestinal infusion of propionic and butyric acids, which is similar to ASD in people.…”

Section: L-carnitine a Potential Biomarker Of Mitochondrial Disturmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Role of L-Carnitine in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Kępka

Ochocińska

Chojnowska

et al. 2021

JCM

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L-carnitine plays an important role in the functioning of the central nervous system, and especially in the mitochondrial metabolism of fatty acids. Altered carnitine metabolism, abnormal fatty acid metabolism in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been documented. ASD is a complex heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition that is usually diagnosed in early childhood. Patients with ASD require careful classification as this heterogeneous clinical category may include patients with an intellectual disability or high functioning, epilepsy, language impairments, or associated Mendelian genetic conditions. L-carnitine participates in the long-chain oxidation of fatty acids in the brain, stimulates acetylcholine synthesis (donor of the acyl groups), stimulates expression of growth-associated protein-43, prevents cell apoptosis and neuron damage and stimulates neurotransmission. Determination of L-carnitine in serum/plasma and analysis of acylcarnitines in a dried blood spot may be useful in ASD diagnosis and treatment. Changes in the acylcarnitine profiles may indicate potential mitochondrial dysfunctions and abnormal fatty acid metabolism in ASD children. L-carnitine deficiency or deregulation of L-carnitine metabolism in ASD is accompanied by disturbances of other metabolic pathways, e.g., Krebs cycle, the activity of respiratory chain complexes, indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction. Supplementation of L-carnitine may be beneficial to alleviate behavioral and cognitive symptoms in ASD patients.

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Section: L-carnitine a Potential Biomarker Of Mitochondrial Disturmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Role of L-Carnitine in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Kępka

Ochocińska

Chojnowska

et al. 2021

JCM

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“…Research, Society and Development, v. 10, n. 10, e412101018924, 2021 (CC BY 4.0) | ISSN 2525-3409 | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.18924 Ratajczak and Sothern (2015) evaluated a wide and varied range of possible biomarkers involving gastrointestinal, immunologic, neurologic, and toxicologic systems. The markers included CD26, IL-12, carnitine, C4b, reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), MT-2, testosterone, IFN-γ, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, GABA, serotonin, melatonin, and cortisol.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lower melatonin levels can lead to oxidative stress and neuronal damage (Shomrat & Nesher, 2019), affecting cognition and behavior. Therefore, the administration of melatonin has great potential in the treatment of sleep disorders in ASD individuals (Ratajczak & Sothern, 2015;Schwichtenberg & Malow, 2015;Tilford et al, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarcadores plasmáticos e salivares para diagnóstico precoce de Transtorno do Espectro Autista: revisão sistemática

Pinto

Arisawa²,

Lopes-Martins³

et al. 2021

RSD

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Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) é uma desordem de desenvolvimento neurológico caracterizada por diferentes graus de déficit na comunicação, interação social, aprendizagem, acompanhado por padrões repetitivos e estereotipados de comportamento. O diagnóstico de TEA é extremamente complexo devido à etiopatologia ainda desconhecida e à diversidade de sintomas apresentados pelos indivíduos, sendo realizado unicamente a partir de observações clínicas do comportamento do indivíduo. Este estudo tem como objetivo revisar os principais biomarcadores plasmáticos e salivares atualmente estudados para o diagnóstico precoce de TEA. Para esta revisão sistemática de literatura, foram utilizados o diretório e a base de dados online “Google Scholar” e “Publish Medliner” (PubMed), respectivamente, com os descritores: “Autism”, “Biomarker”, “Diagnostic”, “Saliva” e “Plasma”. Foram selecionados 564 estudos no PubMed e 185 no Google Scholar, por meio da triagem dos títulos. Após a leitura dos resumos, foram excluídos 647 estudos, seja por irrelevância ou por serem artigos de revisão, estudos genéticos ou não utilizarem amostras de plasma ou saliva. Os 102 estudos originais restantes foram avaliados na íntegra e 83 foram excluídos. Assim, dezenove artigos completos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão foram utilizados na análise qualitativa. Os resultados identificaram cortisol, glutamato/GABA, glutationa, peroxidação lipídica, marcadores de estresse oxidativo, disfunção mitocondrial e citocinas pró-inflamatórias, especialmente IL-6, como os principais biomarcadores plasmáticos e salivares atualmente estudados para o diagnóstico precoce de TEA. No entanto, considerando que vários resultados foram controversos e inconclusivos, mais estudos são necessários para validar biomarcadores específicos como ferramentas diagnósticas. Os achados atuais incentivam estudos de maior precisão diagnóstica, controlados, multicêntricos e prospectivos.

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“…In previous studies, mainly serum cytokines levels were used as predictors of ASD [ 9 ]. Moreover, the mass spectrophotometry studies revealed changes in selected cytokines in urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and in brain tissue samples in ASD patients [ 8 , 9 ]. We suppose that the salivary cytokine levels could be altered in the ASD group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thirdly, the close relation between saliva secretion and the nervous system could render saliva a useful source of biomarkers that represent various pathological processes in the nervous system and neurodevelopment [ 11 ]. According to previous data, saliva seems to be an appropriate body fluid to measure biomarkers important to autism [ 9 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Cytokine Profile as a Possible Predictor of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Samborska-Mazur

Kostiukow

Miechowicz

et al. 2020

JCM

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by neurodevelopmental disorders and alterations in immune function and cytokine levels. The aim of this study is to determine the salivary levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), Regulated on Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES), and Eotaxin in children with ASD and in healthy controlsto assess their predictive potential. We explored correlations between the cytokine levels and the neurodevelopmental disorders related to ASD. The study comprised 19 children with ASD and 19 typically developing (TD) ones. We analyzed salivary levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, MCP-1, RANTES, and eotaxin on Luminex with custom-designed 7-plex kits. The level of RANTES in ASD children was significantly lower than those of TD. In TDs, the salivary levels of IL-1β, MCP-1, and TNFα correlated positively with age. In ASD, the cytokine levels did not correlate with age. There were statistically significant differences between the RANTES level and aggression and gait disturbances, between IL-8 level and fixations/stimulations, and between IL-1β level and no active speech. The levels of the cytokine detected can manifest both systemic and local changes related to ASD. The cytokine pattern cannot be used as a sole ASD predictor, but the salivary levels may be helpful in categorizing the ASD subtype.

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Measurement in Saliva From Neurotypical Adults of Biomarkers Pertinent to Autism Spectrum Disorders

Cited by 9 publications

References 72 publications

Potential Role of L-Carnitine in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Potential Role of L-Carnitine in Autism Spectrum Disorder

Biomarcadores plasmáticos e salivares para diagnóstico precoce de Transtorno do Espectro Autista: revisão sistemática

Salivary Cytokine Profile as a Possible Predictor of Autism Spectrum Disorder

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