Measurement and Standardization Protocols for Anthropometry Used in the Construction of a New International Growth Reference

Abstract

The objective of the Motor Development Study was to describe the acquisition of selected gross motor milestones among affluent children growing up in different cultural settings. This study was conducted in Ghana, India, Norway, Oman, and the United States as part of the longitudinal component of the World Health Organization (WHO) Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS). Infants were followed from the age of four months until they could walk independently. Six milestones that are fundamental to acquiring self-sufficient erect locomotion and are simple to evaluate were assessed: sitting without support, hands-and-knees crawling, standing with assistance, walking with assistance, standing alone, and walking alone. The information was collected by both the children's caregivers and trained MGRS fieldworkers. The caregivers assessed and recorded the dates when the milestones were achieved for the first time according to established criteria. Using standardized procedures, the fieldworkers independently assessed the motor performance of the children and checked parental recording at home visits. To ensure standardized data collection, the sites conducted regular standardization sessions. Data collection and data quality control took place simultaneously. Data verification and cleaning were performed until all queries had been satisfactorily resolved.

CUE: The continuous unified electronic diary method

“…As in previous parent-report diary studies, such as Bodnarchuk and Boudreau (2004), we retrospectively validated the CUE diary method and the reliability of maternal reporters by comparing the age-of-emergence of target behaviors as recorded by the maternal reporter with the age-of-emergence found in researcher assessments. These researcher assessments followed World Health Organization (WHO) methods for assessing motor development (Wijnhoven et al, 2004).…”

“…A maternal reporter's reliability for each behavior was evaluated according to the following criteria: Each behavior must have been recorded by the maternal reporter at least by the date on which a researcher assessment identified the behavior, and each behavior must have been recorded by the maternal reporter not more than two months before the researcher assessment identified the behavior. Following the reasoning of the WHO study (Wijnhoven et al, 2004), we reasoned that because mothers have more opportunities to observe behavior, they would identify behaviors as soon as or before researchers could do so, but that we needed to have a reasonable threshold for the researcher to identify the behavior. We chose two consecutive months of testing as this threshold, reasoning that if an infant was capable of a behavior, he or she might not evidence the behavior during the first assessment, but should be able to demonstrate the behavior during at least one of two assessments.…”

Home fortification during the first 1000 d improves child development in Bangladesh: a cluster-randomized effectiveness trial

“…We assessed 6 gross motor milestones (sitting without support, crawling, standing with support, standing without support, walking with assistance, walking without assistance) with the use of the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study tool (20). "Walking without assistance" (assessed by direct observation) was selected as the outcome to report because it is expected to be achieved by w50% of children at 12 mo of age (21).…”

Manfaat Intervensi Dini Anak Usia 6–12 Bulan dengan Kecurigaan Penyimpangan Perkembangan

“…Kualitas anak yang baik dapat diperoleh dari terpenuhinya kebutuhan aspek pertumbuhan dan perkembangan sehingga tercapai masa depan yang optimal. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Untuk deteksi dini penyimpangan perkembangan maka sangat diperlukan penapisan perkembangan merupakan hal yang sangat penting dan sangat dianjurkan terhadap semua anak. [8][9][10][11][12] Di Amerika Serikat dilaporkan 12-16% anak balita dengan penyimpangan perkembangan.…”