Measurement and Simulation-Based Exposure Assessment at a Far-Field for a Multitechnology Cellular Site up to 5G NR

Elbasheir, Mohammed S.; Saeed, Rashid A.; Edam, Salaheldin

doi:10.1109/access.2022.3177732

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Similarly, at the R CD based on FCC limits, the highest contributor was N3500 (39%), followed by L800 (21%), L1800 and L2100 (11% each), and G900 and U900 (9% each). Figure 8 summarizes the exposure contributions of each technology at the R CD , and these were in line with the results found in [ 36 , 37 ] for the power density.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Multi-Technology Multi-Operator Site Sharing: Compliance Distance Analysis for EMF Exposure

Elbasheir

Saeed

Edam

2023

Sensors

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In recent years, the development of wireless technologies has led to fast growth in mobile networks, especially with the rise of 5G New Radio (5G NR). A huge number of base stations (BSs) are mandatory to serve the growth of mobile services, which has led to concerns about the increase in electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation exposure levels. To control the overall power emitted by EMF transmitters, international bodies have set maximum exposure limits. This paper investigates the compliance distances (CDs) of shared sites by a group of Mobile Network Operators (MNO) as multi-operators operating with multi-technology and sharing the same tower. The study investigated the CDs of the most two commonly used types of sharing sites, macro and indoor-Based solution sites (IBS). In addition, the study analyzed the power densities and total exposure ratios for the general public and occupational workers in each sharing scenario. The results showed that, compared with a single MNO, the CD increased by 41% in the case of two MNOs, 73% for three MNOs, and 100% for four MNOs. The EMF site sharing scale-up formula was used to estimate the increase in CDs for N number of MNOs assuming that all MNOs use the same site configuration. In addition, the results showed that 5G has the highest contribution to the total exposure ratio (TER) at the CD in the main direction of the antennae.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

Multi-Technology Multi-Operator Site Sharing: Compliance Distance Analysis for EMF Exposure

Elbasheir

Saeed

Edam

2023

Sensors

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“…The assessment of exposure from 5G BSs operating up to 6 [GHz] is covered by [13]- [20]. In more detail, Deprez et al [13] introduce new measurement methodologies and exploit measurement equipment for collecting time-averaged exposure.…”

Section: A Exposure From 5g Mid-band Deploymentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Again, the measured data are collected from 5G deployments operating in the mid-band. Finally, Elbasheir et al [20] collect BS exposure-related data (in terms of received power), by employing a set of smartphones installed on a car. Their analysis, which covers also legacy pre-5G technologies, includes de-modulated signals over a 5G New Radio (NR) frequency of 2600 [MHz].…”

Section: A Exposure From 5g Mid-band Deploymentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Summarizing, although we recognize the importance of previous works [13]- [20], all of them are focused on the exposure assessment from 5G BSs operating up to mid-band spectrum. In contrast to [13]- [20], in this work we concentrate on the EMF measurement from 5G BSs adopting mm-Wave frequencies, which represent a point of discontinuity with respect to 5G networks operating on lower frequencies and also legacy 2G/3G/4G generations.…”

Section: A Exposure From 5g Mid-band Deploymentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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EMF Exposure in 5G Standalone mm-Wave Deployments: What Is the Impact of Downlink Traffic?

Chiaraviglio

Lodovisi

Franci

et al. 2022

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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The rolling-out of 5G networks is recently including 5G Base Stations (BSs) operating on millimeter-Wave (mm-Wave) frequencies. The goal of this work is to shed light on the exposure assessment from commercial 5G mm-Wave 5G BSs, by focusing on the impact of downlink traffic on the exposure levels. To this aim, we adopt an innovative measurement framework, based on hardware and software components, able to satisfy the challenging measurement requirements of mm-Wave frequencies. In addition, we design a completely softwarized algorithm, called M-WAVE, in order to measure the mm-Wave exposure with a programmable spectrum analyzer. Results, obtained from a commercial 5G scenario, reveal that the exposure from the mm-Wave BS is directly proportional to the amount of traffic injected on the wireless link. However, the electric field is always lower than 0.08 V/m, while the downlink traffic is even larger than 800 Mbps.

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“…A couple of complex mathematical problems such as mathematical optimization problems, match theory, game theory, and brute force algorithms need to be solved through the help of machine learning to improve the wireless network. Moreover, 6G architecture should be capable of technical challenges such as reliability, supervision, and evaluating virtual network function for the undetermined nature [13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Area 1: Green Internet and Service Provisioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green communication in 6G

Hoque¹,

Farhad²,

Mokhtar³

et al. 2022

8th International Conference on Mechatronics Engineering (ICOM 2022)

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Green communication networking is a part of sustainable development. It aims to reduce energy consumption and serve the network to a vast number of servers cost-effectively. Green communication integrates artificial intelligence to solve complex mathematical problems for enhancing energy efficiency, flexibility, security, and quality of life services. One of the most remarkable characteristics of today's telecoms sector is wireless communication, used for more than a century. Infrared, radio frequency, satellite, and other electromagnetic waves are used in wireless communication technologies to send data over the air. More data is necessary for the 6G experience. More data is necessary and more excellent ambient sensing and awareness. Sensing systems in automated cars, for example, are exceedingly complicated and rely on cellular networks. Mobile and wireless networks, such as 6G, can use green communication to balance resource usage and conserve energy. In this study, 6G for green communication has been discussed to justify the necessity of 6G.

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Measurement and Simulation-Based Exposure Assessment at a Far-Field for a Multitechnology Cellular Site up to 5G NR

Cited by 13 publications

References 32 publications

Multi-Technology Multi-Operator Site Sharing: Compliance Distance Analysis for EMF Exposure

Multi-Technology Multi-Operator Site Sharing: Compliance Distance Analysis for EMF Exposure

EMF Exposure in 5G Standalone mm-Wave Deployments: What Is the Impact of Downlink Traffic?

Green communication in 6G

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