Measurement and Removal of Adherent Endotoxin from Titanium Particles and Implant Surfaces

Ragab, Ashraf; Motter, Renee Van De; Lavish, Sandra A.; Goldberg, Victor M.; Ninomiya, James T.; Carlin, Cathleen R.; Greenfield, Edward M.

doi:10.2106/00004623-200004000-00025

Cited by 40 publications

(68 citation statements)

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“…In 1998, Ragab and colleagues demonstrated that Ti particles without endotoxins were almost completely unable to stimulate cytokine production by murine marrow cells [22]. Since then, all research concerning particle disease should focus on endotoxin detection testing on particles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was demonstrated that such particles are similar to the wear particles retrieved from periprosthetic tissues. There were three groups in this assay: (1) In the high temperature group, the particles were sterilized by baking at 180°C for 6 h, followed by treatment with 70% ethanol for 48 h to remove the endotoxins [10]; (2) In the reference group [22], the first passivation was completed in 25% nitric acid at room temperature for 18-20 h. An additional incubation was conducted in a mixture of 0.1 N NaOH and 95% ethanol at 30°C for another 18-20 h. Subsequently, the particles were exposed to five cycles of alternating treatments with the two solutions. Between each treatment, the particles were washed five times with endotoxin-free water; and (3) 70% ethanol for 48 h. The Ti suspensions were sonicated for 30 min using a SB3200 Ultrasonic Generator (Shanghai Branson Ultrasonics Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China) prior to incubation with the cells.…”

Section: Titanium Particle Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of the cytotoxic and inflammatory responses of titanium particles with different methods for endotoxin removal in RAW264.7 macrophages

Ding

Zhu

Tang

et al. 2012

J Mater Sci: Mater Med

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It is generally accepted that periprosthetic bone resorption is initiated through aseptic inflammation aggravated by wear particles that are generated from artificial joint. However, some studies have demonstrated that "endotoxin-free" wear particles are almost completely unable to stimulate the macrophage-mediated production of proinflammatory cytokines. Here, we compare the titanium particles with different methods of endotoxin removal. The results indicated that different titanium particle preparation dosages did not significantly change particle size, morphology, and chemical composition. But it could cause variations in the endotoxin concentration of titanium particles and inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 macrophages. The particles with higher endotoxin levels correlated with more extensive inflammatory responses. When testing endotoxins using the supernatant of particle suspensions, it would lead to false negative results compared with testing the particle themselves. And when using the particles themselves, all the particles should be removed by centrifugation to avoid particle interference before the absorbance value was determined. Therefore, we suggest that research concerning wear particles should completely describe the endotoxin testing process, including endotoxin removal from particles and the details of endotoxin testing. Moreover, future research should focus on the surface of wear particles (the potential role of adherent endotoxin) rather than the particles themselves.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Titanium Particle Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the cytotoxic and inflammatory responses of titanium particles with different methods for endotoxin removal in RAW264.7 macrophages

Ding

Zhu

Tang

et al. 2012

J Mater Sci: Mater Med

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“…The UHMWPE particles had a mean diameter of 2.6 mm (range from 0.6 to 21 mm) and the dose of UHMWPE was about 4.5 × 10 7 particles (1.5 × 10 7 particles/10 mg) per mouse. Particles were washed continuously in absolute ethanol for 48 h in a shaker (Shanghai Centrifuge Institute, Shanghai China) at 200 rpm to remove adherent endo-toxin according to previously published methods [7]. Particles were suspended in sterile PBS solution at 300 mg/ml.…”

Section: Particle Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of mouse genetic background on wear particle-induced in vivo inflammatory osteolysis

et al. 2008

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“…22 Recently, however, the influence of endotoxin on cell-particle interactions has been acknowledged as an important issue. Endotoxin has been detected both on implant surfaces and in association with commercially available wear particles, 23 and hence may contribute to the inflammatory response to wear particles. [24][25][26][27] Because the particles used in previous studies of cell-particle interactions are likely to be contaminated with endotoxin, techniques must be used for generating sterile endotoxinfree wear particles in the laboratory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the response of primary human peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes to challenge within vitro generated clinically relevant UHMWPE particles of known size and dose

Matthews

Besong

Green

et al. 2000

J. Biomed. Mater. Res.

196

142

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The response of primary human peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes to challenge with clinically relevant ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear debris of known particle size and dose was evaluated. Particles with a mean size of 0.24, 0. 45, 1.7, 7.6, and 88 microm were cocultured with cells for 24 h before assessment of cell viability and production of the osteolytic cytokines interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and prostaglandin E(2). All particle fractions were evaluated at particle volume (microm(3)) to cell number ratios of 10:1 and 100:1, which had been previously identified as being the most stimulatory and clinically relevant. None of the test fractions had an effect on cell viability. Whereas the heterogeneity of human individuals was clearly evident in the responses of the donors evaluated in this study (the response of donor 3 was between 5 and 20 times greater than the other donors), the most biologically active particles were found to be submicrometer in size. Stimulation with phagocytosable particles (0.24, 0.45, and 1.7 microm) resulted in enhanced levels of cytokine secretion. Macrophages stimulated with particles outside this size range produced considerably less cytokines at the volumes tested. These results confirm earlier findings and suggest that the size and volume of UHMWPE particles are critical factors in macrophage activation. Furthermore, they suggest that the heterogeneity of human individuals may be another important factor in determining implant life.

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Measurement and Removal of Adherent Endotoxin from Titanium Particles and Implant Surfaces

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

Comparison of the cytotoxic and inflammatory responses of titanium particles with different methods for endotoxin removal in RAW264.7 macrophages

Comparison of the cytotoxic and inflammatory responses of titanium particles with different methods for endotoxin removal in RAW264.7 macrophages

Influence of mouse genetic background on wear particle-induced in vivo inflammatory osteolysis

Evaluation of the response of primary human peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes to challenge within vitro generated clinically relevant UHMWPE particles of known size and dose

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