Measurement and Physiological Relevance of the Maximal Lipid Oxidation Rate During Exercise (LIPOXmax)

Brun, J.‐F.; Varlet‐Marie, Emmanuelle; Romain, Ahmed Jérôme; Mercier, Jacques

doi:10.5772/25451

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 164 publications

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“…As explained above, this low-fat, restricted-calorie diet closely fits with the guidelines of the American Heart Association [22]. The weight-reducing effect of this procedure at 24 months (-5.38 ± 2.29) is close to that reported for low fat diet in the controlled trial of Shai [23] (3.3 kg, grossly 4 %).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Long term (3 years) weight loss after low intensity endurance training targeted at the level of maximal muscular lipid oxidation

Drapier¹,

Chérif²,

Richou³

et al. 2018

Integr Obesity Diabetes

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Among various strategies of exercise intensification proposed for the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes, endurance training remains a well recognized procedure. When targeted with exercise calorimetry at levels where lipid oxidation is maximal (LIPOXmax), it has been shown to improve mitochondrial respiration, blood glucose control and blood lipids, low grade inflammation and body composition, even at low weekly volume. We investigated in this study its long term effects over 3 years (3x45 min/week) compared to low fat diet without exercise (LFD) and a control group without any exercise or diet (C). 88 subjects that continued LIPOXmax training more than 1 year (23 men, 65 women, age=20-85 years, body mass index =23-48 kg/m 2 ) were compared to two matched groups (C and LFD). While C gained weight over this period, LFD and LIPOXmax group lose weight. Weight loss at 1 year was the same in exercise and diet group, but at 2 years and even more at 3 years there was a gradual weight regain in LFD so that results were better (p<0.01) in the exercise group who maintained weight loss in 80% of subjects. Average weight loss was -2,95 ± 0,37 kg after 3 months, -4,56 ± 0,68 kg after 1 year, -5,31 ± 1,26 kg at 2 years and -8,49 ± 2,39 kg at 3 years. The level at which LIPOXmax occurs is a predictor of weight loss at 1 year (r=-0,346 p<0,001) but not at 2 and 3 years. Weight loss at 3 months is a predictor of weight loss at 1 year (r=0,523 p<0,001) but not at 2 and 3 years. At 1 year subjects with LIPOX max in the lower quartile (<35% VO2max n=23) lose less weight than the others (-2.3 ± 0.98 vs -5.4 ± 0.83 p=0,05) but this difference vanishes over time. This study shows that this low intensity exercise training maintains its weight-reducing effect 3 years while diet is no longer efficient, and that this effect is initially related to muscular ability to oxidize lipids but that metabolic and behavioral adaptations have been further developed and contribute to a long lasting effect.By contrast, low intensity endurance, that promotes lipid oxidation, has been proposed since almost twenty years as a promising strategy against obesity [8][9][10][11][12] .When targeted with exercise calorimetry at levels where lipid oxidation is maximal (LIPOXmax), it has been shown to improve mitochondrial respiration [13], blood glucose control and blood lipids, low grade inflammation and body composition, even at low weekly volume [14]. Surprisingly, this approach generated less literature, perhaps because its weight-reducing effects over the short term, although significant, were not spectacular.However, its prolonged use has been shown to result in a sustained weight loss [15] which contrasts with the quite constant weight regain observed in almost all classical strategies [16]. In this study we aimed at determining over 3 years the kinetics of weight evolution of patients trained with low volumes of low intensity exercise targeted by exercise calorimetry in comparison with controls who did not change their lifestyle and class...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Long term (3 years) weight loss after low intensity endurance training targeted at the level of maximal muscular lipid oxidation

Drapier¹,

Chérif²,

Richou³

et al. 2018

Integr Obesity Diabetes

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Given the nature of HIIT, our subjects performed a much lower volume compared with subjects in that study, and while intensity was much higher, traditional endurance training at a sustainable work rate should allow for a greater absolute contribution of fat as fuel. While this might be compensated for by increased energy turnover during the postexercise recovery period after HIIT (29), it is also possible that sustained exercise at the intensity that elicits the maximal rate of fat oxidation (i.e., "FATmax") might provide a specific stimulus that is appropriate for obese and/or insulin-resistant subjects (10,36). Independently or in concert, these unique aspects of HIIT might render it less effective for improving dysfunctional fat metabolism compared with the more traditional approach where a volume threshold is surpassed, but an intensity ceiling is not.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This means that it likely represents a more relevant measure of "functional capacity" for subjects like those in the present study. For example, an increased metabolic rate at GET can support greater functionality during physical activities of daily living and also allow for a higher work rate to be sustained during constant work rate "fat-reliant" exercise that might be required for overweight/obese subjects (10,22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

High-intensity interval training without weight loss improves exercise but not basal or insulin-induced metabolism in overweight/obese African American women

Arad

DiMenna

Thomas

et al. 2015

Journal of Applied Physiology

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The purpose of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to determine the effect of a 14-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) intervention with weight stability on metabolic flexibility, insulin sensitivity, and cardiorespiratory fitness in sedentary, premenopausal, nondiabetic, overweight/obese African American women. Twenty-eight subjects were allocated to one of two groups: HIIT, which performed three sessions per week of four high-intensity cycling intervals, or a control group (CON), which maintained their normal level of physical activity. Diet was controlled for all subjects to ensure weight stability. Pre- and postintervention (pre/post), subjects completed an incremental cycling test to limit of tolerance and, following a 10-day high-fat controlled feeding period, a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp to determine insulin sensitivity and substrate oxidation. Nine members of HIIT (age, 29 ± 4 yr; body mass, 90.1 ± 13.8 kg) and eleven members of CON (age, 30 ± 7 yr; body mass, 85.5 ± 10.7 kg) completed the study. HIIT experienced an increased limit of tolerance (post, 1,124 ± 202 s; pre, 987 ± 146 s; P < 0.05), gas exchange threshold (post, 1.29 ± 0.34 liters/min; pre, 0.97 ± 0.23 liters/min; P < 0.05), and fat oxidation at the same absolute submaximal work rate compared with CON (P < 0.05 for group-by-time interaction in all cases). However, changes in peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak), insulin sensitivity, free fatty acid suppression during insulin stimulation, and metabolic flexibility were not different in HIIT compared with CON. High-intensity interval training with weight stability increased exercise fat oxidation and tolerance in subjects at risk for diabetic progression, but did not improve insulin sensitivity or fat oxidation in the postabsorptive or insulin-stimulated state.

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“…The mechanism(s) explaining the higher rate of CHO utilisation in obese compared to normal-weight individuals remain(s) to be determined. According to Brun, Varlet-Marie, Romain, and Mercier (2012), disadaptations in muscle fat oxidative capacity due to physical inactivity could also explain in part the glucodependency in obese patients. The earlier and greater participation of anaerobic glycogenolysis to energy production during exercise could be accounted for by a reduced metabolic flexibility of skeletal muscle in this type of population, including mitochondrial malfunction (decrease in mitochondrial content (Boushel et al, 2007), or inefficient/ incomplete b-oxidation (defined as a condition in which lipid fuel delivery to mitochondria is not well-matched with oxidative capacity (Kelley, He, Menshikova, & Ritov, 2002;Koves et al, 2008), as well as modifications of hormonal interactions (defects in insulin signalling, decrease of adiponectin levels (Aucouturier, Duché, & Timmons, 2011), deficiency in natriuretic peptides (Moro, 2013), higher insulin and leptin levels (McMurray & Hackney, 2005) and reduced growth hormone and catecholamines responses to exercise (Eliakim et al, 2006)).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Severely obese adolescent girls rely earlier on carbohydrates during walking than normal-weight matched girls

Gavarry

Aguer

Delextrat

et al. 2015

Journal of Sports Sciences

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The purpose of this study was to determine the substrate oxidation rate and the exercise intensity at which maximal lipid oxidation and ventilatory threshold (VT) occur in obese (BMI: 36.6 ± 6.3 kg · m(-2)) and normal-weight adolescent girls (BMI: 18.7 ± 1.6 kg · m(-2)) aged 14-18 years. Substrate oxidation rate was determined by gas exchange using an incremental field test involving walking. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Carbohydrate oxidation rates were significantly higher in obese than in normal-weight girls at speeds ranging from 4 to 6 km · h(-1) (P < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed between groups regarding lipid oxidation rates. The crossover point of substrate utilisation and the VT were significantly lower in obese than in normal-weight adolescents (P < 0.05). Maximal lipid oxidation rate was observed at 46 ± 15 and 53 ± 15 %EVO2max in obese and normal-weight adolescents, respectively. At these intensities, the Lipox(max) was significantly lower in obese than in normal-weight girls (6.7 ± 2.3 versus 8.9 ± 3.5 mg · min(-1) · kg(-1) FFM, P < 0.05, 95% CI: -3.7 to -0.7, d = -0.74). The present results have implications in designing interventions to promote lipid oxidation and energy expenditure during walking in severely obese adolescent girls.

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Measurement and Physiological Relevance of the Maximal Lipid Oxidation Rate During Exercise (LIPOXmax)

Cited by 17 publications

References 164 publications

Long term (3 years) weight loss after low intensity endurance training targeted at the level of maximal muscular lipid oxidation

Long term (3 years) weight loss after low intensity endurance training targeted at the level of maximal muscular lipid oxidation

High-intensity interval training without weight loss improves exercise but not basal or insulin-induced metabolism in overweight/obese African American women

Severely obese adolescent girls rely earlier on carbohydrates during walking than normal-weight matched girls

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