Measurement and assessment of grief in a large international sample

Killikelly, Clare; Kagialis, Antonios; Henneman, S; Coronado, H; Demanarig, D; Farahani, Hadi; Özdoğru, Asil Ali; Yalçın, Başak; Yockey, R. Andrew; Gosnell, Courtney L.; Jia, Fu-Jun; Maisel, M; Stelzer, Eva‐Maria; Wilson, Deborah; Anderson, Jane; Charles, K; Cummings, Jeremy P.; Faas, Caitlin; Knapp, B; Koneczny, B; Koch, Christopher; Bauer, L. M.; Cuccolo, C; Edlund, John E.; Heermans, G; McGillivray, Shannon; Shane‐Simpson, Christina; Staples, A.; Zheng, Zhigang; Zlokovich, Martha S.; Irgens, Megan Suzanne

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.095

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Support for the three-factor model also comes from a recent study by Killikelly et al (2023) that was based on data from 1,393 bereaved adults across five countries. A network model was fitted to the pooled data, and three obvious clusters of items emerged: A cluster of items that loaded onto the Loss latent variable in the present study (Items 1, 2, 3, and 9), a cluster that loaded onto the Emotional Numbing latent variable (Items 10, 11, and 12), and a cluster that loaded onto the Emotional Reactivity latent variable (Items 4, 5, and 7).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Testing the latent structure of ICD‐11 prolonged grief disorder symptoms in the U.K. adult population: An exploratory structural equation modeling approach

Shevlin,

Redican,

Murphy

et al. 2023

Journal of Traumatic Stress

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The latent structure of ICD‐11 prolonged grief disorder (PGD), as measured using the International Prolonged Grief Disorder Scale (IPGDS), was assessed in a large general population sample of bereaved adults from the United Kingdom. Data were derived from Wave 5 of the COVID‐19 Psychological Research Consortium Study (C19PRC‐UK). Exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) was used to assess the latent structure of the IPGDS. Identified factors were explored in relation to known correlates (i.e., gender, age of the bereaved, income, bereavement timeframe, age of the deceased) and functional impairment. Three factors—Loss, Emotional Numbing, and Emotional Reactivity—emerged in the best‐fitting ESEM model, χ2(92, N = 1,763) = 273.70, p < .001, CFI = .97, TLI = .96, RMSEA = .048, SRMR = .020. All factors were significantly associated with bereavement timeframe, βs = ‐.15–‐.20, and age of the deceased, βs = ‐.22–‐.31. Lower income predicted both Loss and Emotional Numbing; younger age of the bereaved predicted both Loss and Emotional Reactivity; and female gender was a unique predictor of Loss. Functional impairment was associated only with Emotional Numbing, β = .89. The findings highlight the multidimensional structure of PGD. However, the patterns of factor/cross‐factor loadings observed in the present study indicate that a “simple” structure was not attainable. Associations between factors and covariates attest to the discriminant validity of the factors, and the association between Emotional Numbing and functional impairment may afford clinicians an opportunity to better understand and target the most disruptive features of grief.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Testing the latent structure of ICD‐11 prolonged grief disorder symptoms in the U.K. adult population: An exploratory structural equation modeling approach

Shevlin,

Redican,

Murphy

et al. 2023

Journal of Traumatic Stress

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“…However, some studies are limited by their use of instruments that were developed with Western samples without including additional emic perspectives or performing cultural adaptations. Culturally-sensitive assessment is important because studies found cross-cultural variation in grief symptoms (83) and different PGD prevalence rates between cultures (103,104). This raises the question of comparability of the included studies both regarding intensity of the symptoms and types of symptoms reported.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence, comorbidities, and factors associated with prolonged grief disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees: A systematic review

Lechner-Meichsner¹,

Comteße²,

Olk³

2023

Preprint

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Background: The number of refugees worldwide is at an all-time high. The majority of refugees experience traumatic events and the death of loved ones. The 11th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems now includes prolonged grief disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder and a revised guideline for posttraumatic stress disorder, and a joint overview of these stress-related disorders in refugees is needed. We therefore conducted a systematic review to determine prevalence rates, comorbidities, and associated factors. Method: We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycArticles to identify studies published in English that reported prevalence rates, predictors or associated factors, and/or comorbid mental disorders of at least one of the disorders in a refugee population. The selection process was based on the PRISMA guidelines, and independent raters assessed selection criteria and study quality. Results: 36 studies that were published between 2008 and 2022 met inclusion criteria. Most of the studies were of high quality. Pooled prevalence for posttraumatic stress disorder was 21.3%, and 36.8% for complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Prevalence rates ranged from 6% to 54% for prolonged grief, 0.4% to 80% for posttraumatic stress disorder, and 3% to 74.6% for complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Posttraumatic stress disorder was among the most frequent comorbidities for prolonged grief disorder and depressive symptoms co-occurred frequently for all three disorders. Sociodemographic variables, trauma exposure, and loss characteristics were associated with higher symptom severity. Postmigration factors played an important role in prolonged grief and complex posttraumatic stress disorder. Conclusion: Despite substantial variations in prevalence rates, the review underscored very high prevalence rates of stress-related disorders included in ICD-11 among refugees. The identified associated factors point to subgroups of refugees that may be particularly at risk and provide implications for specific interventions and policy changes. Future research should perform longitudinal investigations, emphasize culturally sensitive assessment, and study disorder-specific mechanisms.

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“…Additionally, the period of grieving must persist for an atypically long period of time relative to an individual's social, cultural, or religious norms. 10 While ICD-11 PGD's prevalence and correlates have been studied in a range of populations, such as those seeking treatment, 11 bereaved children, 12 and nationally representative samples of bereaved adults, 1,13,14 no study has examined ICD-11 PGD in an active war-affected population. This is particularly important since the core principle underpinning the ICD-11 is to ensure the clinical utility and global applicability of mental disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and correlates of ICD‐11 prolonged grief disorder among adults living in Ukraine during the war with Russia

Redican,

Hyland,

Shevlin

et al. 2024

Acta Psychiatr Scand

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BackgroundAlthough high rates of bereavement are evident in war‐affected populations, no study has investigated the prevalence and correlates of probable ICD‐11 prolonged grief disorder (PGD) under these circumstances.MethodsParticipants were 2050 adults who participated in a nationwide survey exploring the effects of the Ukraine‐Russia war on the daily lives and mental health of Ukrainian people.ResultsOf the total sample, 87.7% (n = 1797) of people indicated a lifetime bereavement. In the full sample, 11.4% met the diagnostic requirements for probable ICD‐11 PGD, and amongst those with a lifetime bereavement, the conditional rate of probable ICD‐11 PGD was 13.0%. Significant risk factors of ICD‐11 PGD included the recent loss of a loved one (6 months to a year ago), being most affected by a partner or spouse's death, loved one dying in the war, no recent contact with the deceased prior to their death, and meeting depression and anxiety diagnostic requirements.ConclusionThe study reveals that a significant percentage of Ukrainian bereaved individuals have probable ICD‐11 PGD, and identifying risk factors, particularly war‐related losses, will aid in the development of intervention and prevention programs for bereaved adults.

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Measurement and assessment of grief in a large international sample

Cited by 9 publications

References 40 publications

Testing the latent structure of ICD‐11 prolonged grief disorder symptoms in the U.K. adult population: An exploratory structural equation modeling approach

Testing the latent structure of ICD‐11 prolonged grief disorder symptoms in the U.K. adult population: An exploratory structural equation modeling approach

Prevalence, comorbidities, and factors associated with prolonged grief disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees: A systematic review

Prevalence and correlates of ICD‐11 prolonged grief disorder among adults living in Ukraine during the war with Russia

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