Measurement and Analysis of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in Urban Areas of Pakistan

Lee

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

In this study, long term measurements of PM 2.5 and ultrafine particles (UFPs) for daily average mass concentration at Zhongshan (ZS), Sinjhuang (SJ), and Jhudong (JD) urban air monitoring stations were conducted from 2011 spring to 2013 autumn. The results showed that daily average UFPs mass concentrations in spring (average at 3 stations: 1.58 ± 0.74 µg m -3 ) and summer (average at 3 stations: 1.59 ± 0.53 µg m -3 ) were higher than those in autumn (average at 3 stations: 1.02 ± 0.28 µg m -3 ) and winter (average at 3 stations: 1.04 ± 0.48 µg m -3 ) due to the impacts by heavy traffic emission and new particle formation event. The effective density (ρ eff ) and dynamic shape factor (χ) for ultrafine particles (UFPs) were found to be 0.68 ± 0.16 g cm -3 and 2.06 ± 0.19, respectively, suggesting that the particle morphology was irregular shape. Based on the calculated ρ eff and χ, the average number and surface area concentration ratio of UFPs to those of PM 2.5 at these monitoring stations was determined to be 89.0 ± 5.5% and 42.1 ± 12.8%, respectively, suggesting that UFPs contribute significantly to the health-relevant PM 2.5 aerosol fraction in these stations.

Section: Seasonal Variation Of Pm 25 and Ufps Mass Concentrationsupporting

confidence: 74%

Ultrafine Particles and PM2.5 at Three Urban Air Monitoring Stations in Northern Taiwan from 2011 to 2013

Lee

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

“…Surfer 10 program was applied to plot the TVOC seasonal concentration distributions. Particulate matter is one of the significant pollutants with adverse health impacts such as premature mortality and, lung and cardiovascular diseases (Rasheed et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source Apportionment of Air Pollution and Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant, North Taiwan

Widiana

Tsai

Wang

et al. 2017

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

Monitoring air quality in the municipal wastewater treatment plants is an initial stage in preventing several problems related to air emissions. This study measured 103 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), total VOC (TVOC), and some prominent air pollutants (CO, CO 2 , NH 3 , H 2 S, PM 1 , PM 2.5 , PM 7 , PM 10 , TSP) in the municipal wastewater treatment plant X located in the north of Taiwan. Thirty-three VOCs were identified, which categorized as alkane, aromatic, alkene, ester, ether, haloalkane and ketone. Five dominant factors were determined from principal component analysis (PCA). The first factor involves indoor activities (such as particulate matter resuspension), and outdoor activities (such as vehicles exhausts), which explained 32.42% of total variance. Factor 2 was paint applications and domestic wastewater decomposition, with an explained variance of 17.23%. Factor 3 was solvent use, with an explained variance of 14.26%. Factor 4 was solvent use and road dust, with an explained variance of 8.54%. Factor 5 was a byproduct of the chlorination treatment process, with an explained variance of 6.92%. The five factors explained 79.37% of total variance. By applying absolute principal component scores (APCS), source apportionments were obtained having 35.21%, 26.04%, 16.13%, 7.03%, and 15.59% for factors 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Toluene had the highest ozone formation potential (OFP).

“…The leaded petroleum fractions and battery manufacturing were regarded as major sources of emission. The average Pb [77] From Northern Pakistan during January, April, July, and October of 2006 PM2.5 [79] From Islamabad (around official buildings and industrial estate) during 2007-2011 and from Lahore (residential area), Peshawar (road site), and Quetta (high traffic area) during 2007-2008 PM2.5 [80] From major industrial area of Peshawar and samples were collected during first 20 days of April 2011 PM2.5 and PM10 [81] From indoor environment of 15 households located in Lahore with sample collection during different seasons from March 2012 to January 2013 with sampling duration of 72 h PM2.5 [114] From indoor and outdoor environment of an educational institute located at a high-traffic site in Lahore with sampling duration of 24 h for each sample PM2.5 [83] From an educational institution located at Khanspur during summer (May) and winter (December) for sampling duration of 24 PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, and PM total [84] From a tourist spot located in Shogran for sampling duration of 24 h PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM10, and PM total [85] From indoor environment of houses having different floor structures located in Gujranwala PM1, PM2.5, PM4, and PM10 [86] In total, 25 samples were collected from an urban site influenced by road transport located in Lahore during March of 2010 PM10 and TSP [87] From indoor and outdoor environment of various industrial and residential sites located in the metropolitan city of Lahore during December 2001 to January 2002 with sampling duration of 8-24 h SPM [47] From Karachi (urban site), Lahore (Residential site), Rawalpindi (densely populated commercial site), and Peshawar (road site) during March and April of 2010 PM2.5 and PM10 [50] From a typical urban area (having adjoining small scale industrial setup accompanied by high traffic burdens) located in Lahore with sample collection every sixth day from 12 January 2007-19 January 2008 PM 2.5, PM10, and PM10-2.5 [88] In total, 129 samples were collected from an urban site in Lahore (near two airports) with 6 h of sampling from November 2005 to January 2006 PM2.5 [89] From 33 urban sites located in six cities (Karachi, Lahore, Quetta, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, and Peshawar) with duration of 24 h per sample from 2003 to 2004 PM10 and TSP [32] From a busy road site in Karachi with sampling duration of 6 h and two sites in Islamabad (having industrial and rural areas) with sampling duration of 24 h from 10 December 1998-08 January 1999 TSP [48] www.advancedsciencenews.com www.clean-journal.com Table 4. Summary of some recent studies conducted in Pakistan with special reference to elemental profile.…”

Section: à3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Traffic ‐and Industry‐Related Air Pollution Exposure Assessment in an Asian Megacity

Alvi

Chishtie

Shahid

et al. 2017

CLEAN Soil Air Water

Like other Asian countries, Pakistan is facing the issue of air pollution due to rapid urbanization, enormous transportation increases, and other related human activities. Moreover, continuously increasing emission sources have not only raised pollutant concentrations but also their types, thus damaging both human health and the environment. Faisalabad is the third largest megacity of Pakistan and its state of air quality is getting worse due to factors such as industrialization, high traffic volumes, and extensive fossilfuel-burning activities. This review article aims to highlight the present status of air pollution in this city with special reference to particulate matter, elemental profiles, gaseous pollutants, organic-inorganic particulate contents as well as their sources. The concentration levels of these entities were also compared with other national and international cities, and related environmental standards. It is found that current levels of these pollutants are beyond safety limits as specified by various environment protection agencies and organizations. Several weak aspects and gaps are also identified along with suggestions for improvements of the present situation and directions for future research.